摘(zhai)要：分別從(cong)交流(liu)電腐蝕的(de)(de)(de)特點、機理、影(ying)響因(yin)素以(yi)及對(dui)陰極保護和(he)微(wei)生(sheng)物腐蝕影(ying)響的(de)(de)(de)角度，對(dui)近年來國內外(wai)開展的(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)電腐蝕研(yan)究進(jin)行系統綜(zong)(zong)述(shu)。通過(guo)對(dui)目前(qian)研(yan)究中(zhong)存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)重點問題進(jin)行綜(zong)(zong)合分析(xi)，展望這一領域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究前(qian)景及發展趨勢，為相(xiang)關領域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究人員提(ti)供新思路(lu)。

關鍵(jian)詞： 交流電； 埋地管道； 腐蝕(shi)機理(li)； 影響因(yin)素； 陰極保護(hu)

近年(nian)來，隨著西(xi)電(dian)東(dong)(dong)送、西(xi)氣東(dong)(dong)輸(shu)工(gong)程的(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)和城市軌道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)通的(de)(de)(de)(de)快速發展，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)、特高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)輸(shu)電(dian)工(gong)程與(yu)埋(mai)地油氣管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)鄰(lin)近的(de)(de)(de)(de)并行或交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉鋪(pu)設(she)情況已(yi)不可避免，甚至(zhi)都集中(zhong)在一(yi)個(ge)(ge)局部(bu)(bu)地區(qu)形成所謂的(de)(de)(de)(de)“公共走廊”。輸(shu)電(dian)線路對鄰(lin)近埋(mai)地油氣管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian) （AC） 腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)和直(zhi)流(liu)電(dian) （DC） 腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)影響問(wen)題日(ri)益(yi)突出，甚至(zhi)已(yi)威(wei)脅(xie)到國家(jia)能源輸(shu)送安全。2014年(nian)，西(xi)氣東(dong)(dong)輸(shu)二線廣東(dong)(dong)段(duan)(duan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)多個(ge)(ge)閥室(shi)引(yin)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)放電(dian)，引(yin)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)絕緣卡套燒蝕(shi)(shi)，個(ge)(ge)別(bie)閥室(shi)甚至(zhi)出現引(yin)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)燒穿事(shi)故[1]。對日(ri)照-東(dong)(dong)明管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)個(ge)(ge)區(qu)段(duan)(duan)進行交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)干擾數(shu)據(ju)監(jian)測(ce)(ce)時顯示，較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)干擾存在于管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)與(yu)鐵路近距離平行與(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)叉鋪(pu)設(she)區(qu)域(yu)[2]。2000年(nian)美國一(yi)條鋼管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)線雖然管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)有著良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)溶結型環氧粉末防護層(ceng)，然而(er)因高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)輸(shu)電(dian)線路的(de)(de)(de)(de)干擾，1年(nian)后(hou)檢測(ce)(ce)發現該涂層(ceng)破損(sun)處的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)局部(bu)(bu)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)速率高(gao)(gao)達10 mm/a[3]。埋(mai)地管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)問(wen)題日(ri)益(yi)嚴重，已(yi)成為材料腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)領域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究熱點(dian)。

國(guo)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)在AC腐(fu)蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)方面(mian)起步均較(jiao)晚。早(zao)期研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)[4-7]表明，交流(liu)干(gan)擾對金(jin)屬(shu)管(guan)(guan)道腐(fu)蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響遠(yuan)遠(yuan)小于(yu)(yu)等量的(de)(de)(de)直流(liu)干(gan)擾，AC腐(fu)蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)效率也(ye)比較(jiao)低。一(yi)(yi)般認(ren)為埋地管(guan)(guan)道的(de)(de)(de)陰極(ji)保護(hu)系統可(ke)以(yi)(yi)有效地抑制腐(fu)蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)發生，因此埋地管(guan)(guan)道的(de)(de)(de)AC腐(fu)蝕(shi)問(wen)題(ti)在早(zao)期并沒有得(de)到較(jiao)大(da)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)視(shi)(shi)。然而(er)(er)，近十幾年來，在國(guo)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)多地發生了(le)多起由(you)于(yu)(yu)AC腐(fu)蝕(shi)而(er)(er)造成(cheng)石油天(tian)然氣管(guan)(guan)道泄(xie)漏及穿孔的(de)(de)(de)案例(li)[8-10]。埋地管(guan)(guan)道的(de)(de)(de)AC腐(fu)蝕(shi)問(wen)題(ti)變得(de)日益嚴重(zhong)，逐漸引起人們重(zhong)視(shi)(shi)。長期以(yi)(yi)來，圍(wei)繞(rao)金(jin)屬(shu)管(guan)(guan)道AC腐(fu)蝕(shi)問(wen)題(ti)，國(guo)內(nei)(nei)外(wai)許多學者進行(xing)了(le)有益的(de)(de)(de)嘗試，取(qu)得(de)了(le)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)果。然而(er)(er)，由(you)于(yu)(yu)AC腐(fu)蝕(shi)機(ji)理十分復雜，在AC腐(fu)蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)理、評價、檢測(ce)方面(mian)仍存(cun)在許多難點問(wen)題(ti)亟待解決[11-15]，需要進行(xing)系統的(de)(de)(de)深入研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)。本文(wen)綜述了(le)AC腐(fu)蝕(shi)問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)成(cheng)果和最新進展(zhan)，討論了(le)AC腐(fu)蝕(shi)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)中存(cun)在的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)點問(wen)題(ti)，對這(zhe)一(yi)(yi)領域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)前(qian)景及發展(zhan)趨勢進行(xing)展(zhan)望，為相(xiang)關(guan)領域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)研(yan)(yan)究(jiu)提(ti)供借鑒。

1 AC干擾類型(xing)及腐蝕(shi)特(te)點

1.1 AC干擾類型

不(bu)同條件(jian)與(yu)(yu)環境(jing)下，高壓(ya)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路對埋(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)金(jin)屬管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)(rao)類型(xing)有著明顯的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)別，主(zhu)要有3種(zhong)情況[16-18]，如(ru)圖1所示。（1） 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容耦(ou)合(he)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)(rao)：由于管(guan)(guan)線(xian)外表面有防護層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)在，造成(cheng)高壓(ya)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統與(yu)(yu)埋(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)之(zhi)間(jian)產生(sheng)了一個由高壓(ya)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路對管(guan)(guan)線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耦(ou)合(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容和埋(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)管(guan)(guan)線(xian)對地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容兩者通過串連而成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容。在管(guan)(guan)線(xian)建設期發生(sheng)，當初處于埋(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)且(qie)良好接地(di)時(shi)，可以(yi)忽略不(bu)計(ji)[19]。（2） 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻耦(ou)合(he)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)(rao)：這種(zhong)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)(rao)是偶然的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，并不(bu)是常(chang)態。只(zhi)有在高壓(ya)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路出現(xian)故障，接地(di)極材(cai)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)入地(di)下，形成(cheng)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)(rao)地(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場時(shi)才會發生(sheng)。（3） 電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)耦(ou)合(he)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)(rao)：運用Faraday電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)(gan)應定律(lv)，埋(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)上(shang)產生(sheng)感(gan)(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和感(gan)(gan)生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)，這種(zhong)類型(xing)稱為(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)感(gan)(gan)耦(ou)合(he)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)(rao)。干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)(rao)持續時(shi)間(jian)很長，是埋(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)受到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)(rao)方式。輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路中(zhong)不(bu)平(ping)衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)小、與(yu)(yu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路平(ping)行的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)長度、管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)與(yu)(yu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距(ju)(ju)離(li)長短(duan)、土壤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率及(ji)防護層電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻等決定著管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。高壓(ya)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)輸(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)及(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)不(bu)平(ping)衡度越(yue)大(da)，并且(qie)與(yu)(yu)埋(mai)(mai)(mai)地(di)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距(ju)(ju)離(li)越(yue)小，造成(cheng)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)(rao)腐(fu)蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)危險性大(da)幅度上(shang)升，對保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)測量造成(cheng)一定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，嚴(yan)重的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話會導致判斷失誤，使陰極保護失效(xiao)或者直接損壞。

圖1   電(dian)容耦合，電(dian)阻耦合和電(dian)感耦合干擾示意圖

1.2 AC腐蝕(shi)的特點(dian)

AC腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)屬于干擾腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)，與自(zi)然腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)相比存(cun)在(zai)明(ming)顯的差異，主要(yao)(yao)表現(xian)為[20,21]：（1） 交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)大小和(he)方(fang)向(xiang)瞬間變(bian)化比自(zi)然腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)的電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)時間要(yao)(yao)小幾個數(shu)量級；（2） AC腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)是在(zai)有外電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場的存(cun)在(zai)下(xia)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)的，比自(zi)然腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)過程的內電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場強(qiang)度(du)(du)大很多(duo)，強(qiang)度(du)(du)高的線(xian)路感應(ying)造成(cheng)的交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)幅(fu)值要(yao)(yao)比電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)自(zi)身是直流(liu)(liu)(liu)自(zi)然極(ji)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位高十(shi)數(shu)倍；（3） 在(zai)改(gai)變(bian)迅速且強(qiang)度(du)(du)十(shi)分大的交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場作用下(xia)，特(te)(te)定化學(xue)反(fan)應(ying)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)的幾率顯著上升，發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)反(fan)應(ying)的速度(du)(du)加(jia)快；（4） AC腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)在(zai)管(guan)道(dao)上交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過的地方(fang)，一(yi)般(ban)在(zai)涂層缺陷處發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)，有局部腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)的特(te)(te)點，極(ji)易造成(cheng)穿孔腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)。自(zi)然條(tiao)件下(xia)的腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)一(yi)般(ban)都是均勻腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)，穿孔腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)不(bu)易發(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)。

盡管AC腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和DC腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)都屬(shu)于雜散電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)干擾(rao)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，然而由于交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)度的(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)和方(fang)向(xiang)在(zai)(zai)極短的(de)(de)(de)時間間隔內不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)發(fa)生變化使得AC腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)與DC腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)有著明(ming)顯不(bu)(bu)同[22,23]：（1） DC腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規律(lv)服從Faraday定律(lv)，可以計算它的(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)。但(dan)(dan)由于AC腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)作用下金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)化學過(guo)程(cheng)與上述不(bu)(bu)同，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)量(liang)與金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)量(liang)間不(bu)(bu)是(shi)單一(yi)的(de)(de)(de)對應(ying)關系。（2） AC腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)效率遠低于DC腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，約只有DC腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)2%，但(dan)(dan)這并(bing)不(bu)(bu)能說(shuo)(shuo)明(ming)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)危(wei)害性(xing)更小(xiao)。一(yi)些實驗研究結果表明(ming)[24-27]，由于交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)多發(fa)生小(xiao)孔腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)而直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)多發(fa)生均勻腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，此時若簡單通過(guo)例如失(shi)重(zhong)法來判斷(duan)是(shi)非常不(bu)(bu)科學的(de)(de)(de)。（3） AC腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)(bu)但(dan)(dan)會遭(zao)受交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)干擾(rao)強度的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)，波形和頻率 （f ） 對金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)行為也存在(zai)(zai)影(ying)響(xiang)，而對于直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)(liu)干擾(rao)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)來說(shuo)(shuo)，一(yi)般情況下只和干擾(rao)強度如電(dian)(dian)壓、電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)相關。

2 AC腐蝕機理的發展

AC腐(fu)蝕機理的(de)研究在20世紀70，80年代得到了(le)較多(duo)的(de)發(fa)展。國內外(wai)學者對交(jiao)流電(dian)腐(fu)蝕機理還存(cun)在爭議，截至目前交(jiao)流電(dian)誘(you)使金屬發(fa)生(sheng)腐(fu)蝕的(de)原因尚未十分(fen)明確，主要可劃分(fen)為以下幾種。

2.1 Faraday整流效(xiao)應(ying)

李明等(deng)[24]研究結(jie)論與(yu)McCollum等(deng)[28]提出(chu)的(de)(de)“整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)說(shuo)”相符(fu)，認(ren)為(wei)：腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)反應不可逆地導(dao)致了(le)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)，正半周期金(jin)屬(shu)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)增加量大于(yu)負(fu)半周期的(de)(de)減(jian)小量，陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)不等(deng)于(yu)陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)凈Faraday電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，進(jin)而促進(jin)金(jin)屬(shu)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)。Kulman[9]提出(chu)了(le)在AC作(zuo)用下的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解法整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)機理(li)，整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)方(fang)向(xiang)(xiang)為(wei)金(jin)屬(shu)到電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質。翁永基等(deng)[15]的(de)(de)研究結(jie)果支持了(le)根據(ju)Faraday整(zheng)(zheng)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)效應和(he)活化控制下的(de)(de)動(dong)(dong)力學(xue)極(ji)(ji)(ji)化理(li)論所得出(chu)的(de)(de)結(jie)論，即腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)會因為(wei)存在AC的(de)(de)干擾而產(chan)(chan)生(sheng)偏(pian)移，陽極(ji)(ji)(ji)和(he)陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)Tafel斜率(lv)之比為(wei)r，當r＞1時腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)會正向(xiang)(xiang)偏(pian)移，r＜1時則負(fu)向(xiang)(xiang)偏(pian)移。需要(yao)說(shuo)明的(de)(de)是，這些模(mo)型(xing)并沒有考慮(lv)環境介(jie)質電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻等(deng)因素。但這個理(li)論和(he)模(mo)型(xing)的(de)(de)提出(chu)具有進(jin)步(bu)意義。

也有研究(jiu)人員不(bu)贊同“整流(liu)說”。Williams[23]、Yunovich等[29]與Bruckner[30]認為交流(liu)腐蝕的(de)產生完全是由于金屬(shu)(shu)離子在(zai)正半(ban)周期擴散造成的(de)，金屬(shu)(shu)電極的(de)腐蝕膜上不(bu)存(cun)在(zai)整流(liu)的(de)跡(ji)象，整流(liu)效應(ying)機(ji)理解(jie)釋圖見圖2。由此可見，Faraday整流(liu)效應(ying)機(ji)理并不(bu)能使交流(liu)電腐蝕得到很好的(de)解(jie)釋，但對揭(jie)示(shi)AC腐蝕機(ji)理存(cun)在(zai)著積極作(zuo)用。

圖2   整流效應機理解(jie)釋(shi)圖[29]

2.2 陽(yang)極反應的不可(ke)逆性

Goidanich等(deng)[31]通過(guo)(guo)(guo)對(dui)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)對(dui)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)反應動力學(xue)(xue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究結果表(biao)明(ming)，金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)與介質界面(mian)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)完全(quan)可(ke)逆(ni)(ni)時，Faraday整流(liu)(liu)(liu)效應不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能用來(lai)描(miao)述金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)被交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)腐蝕所造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影響，如(ru)圖3所示。對(dui)于(yu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)受干(gan)(gan)擾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)試(shi)樣，通過(guo)(guo)(guo)失重和(he)(he)(he)Tafel圖推(tui)(tui)導(dao)得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐蝕速(su)率(lv)有很好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)致性(xing)。在AC存在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，Tafel推(tui)(tui)導(dao)得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)值(zhi)明(ming)顯低于(yu)失重得到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因(yin)此，在存在交流(liu)(liu)(liu)干(gan)(gan)擾的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，Tafel推(tui)(tui)導(dao)似乎不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)適用于(yu)Icorr的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計算。這也(ye)(ye)意味(wei)著(zhu)交流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)腐蝕不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)能簡(jian)單地(di)用觀(guan)察到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動力學(xue)(xue)參數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)來(lai)解(jie)釋。交流(liu)(liu)(liu)干(gan)(gan)擾過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中腐蝕速(su)率(lv)提高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個可(ke)能原因(yin)是(shi)(shi)，正半和(he)(he)(he)負半周期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)過(guo)(guo)(guo)程(cheng)并不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)完全(quan)可(ke)逆(ni)(ni)，所以造成金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)溶(rong)(rong)液(ye)界面(mian)雙電(dian)(dian)層結構變化(hua)，金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)表(biao)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)成分也(ye)(ye)隨(sui)之改變。與之不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)同，曹楚南(nan)[32]認為AC作用下金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)陽極(ji)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)時陽極(ji)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)反應的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動力學(xue)(xue)機制、Tafel斜率(lv)和(he)(he)(he)交換(huan)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)密度(du)都保持不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)變。但是(shi)(shi)，因(yin)為關于(yu)陽極(ji)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)E-I曲線不(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)是(shi)(shi)線性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，AC造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最終現象是(shi)(shi)導(dao)致金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)陽極(ji)溶(rong)(rong)解(jie)速(su)率(lv)增大。

圖3   由失(shi)重實驗得到的腐(fu)蝕速率和(he)通過對(dui)極化曲線的線性(xing)回歸獲得的值(zhi)進行比較[31]

2.3 陽極反應(ying)的去(qu)極化(hua)作用

Jones[33]最先(xian)提(ti)出了(le)陽極反應去極化作用的(de)(de)(de)腐蝕機(ji)理(li)，簡單(dan)來說就(jiu)是由于Tafel斜率的(de)(de)(de)不同導致了(le)局部腐蝕，見(jian)圖4。實驗(yan)結果表(biao)明，AC會造(zao)成金屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)陽極溶(rong)解反應的(de)(de)(de)動力學機(ji)構產(chan)生(sheng)影響。李巖(yan)等(deng)[34]和王霞[35]等(deng)的(de)(de)(de)研究也證明了(le)這(zhe)一觀點。但是，交流電產(chan)生(sheng)這(zhe)種去極化現象的(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)并(bing)沒有詳細的(de)(de)(de)解釋(shi)，此機(ji)理(li)并(bing)不完善，需要后續的(de)(de)(de)改進。

圖(tu)4   陽(yang)極(ji)反應(ying)的去極(ji)化作用示意圖(tu)[33]

2.4 堿化機理

隨(sui)著陰(yin)(yin)極(ji)(ji)保(bao)護下管(guan)道(dao)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)腐蝕問題的(de)(de)(de)增多(duo)，人們(men)對陰(yin)(yin)極(ji)(ji)保(bao)護下管(guan)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)腐蝕機理(li)開展研究。Nielsen等[36,37]通過實(shi)驗和(he)(he)失效案(an)例分析認(ren)(ren)為(wei)，埋地(di)管(guan)道(dao)有陰(yin)(yin)極(ji)(ji)保(bao)護時(shi)，因為(wei)在管(guan)道(dao)表(biao)面(mian)缺(que)(que)陷(xian)處發生(sheng)陰(yin)(yin)極(ji)(ji)極(ji)(ji)化會產生(sheng)OH-，使缺(que)(que)陷(xian)處的(de)(de)(de)pH升高進而(er)造成附近土壤的(de)(de)(de)堿性化，并提出了“堿化機理(li)”。該機理(li)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)，對于(yu)(yu)陰(yin)(yin)極(ji)(ji)下管(guan)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)AC腐蝕是(shi)由于(yu)(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)干(gan)擾引起的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)振蕩(dang)和(he)(he)管(guan)道(dao)外防腐層缺(que)(que)陷(xian)處較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)pH共同引起的(de)(de)(de)。在交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)干(gan)擾的(de)(de)(de)周期波動(dong)(dong)下，管(guan)道(dao)腐蝕電(dian)(dian)(dian)位會隨(sui)著波動(dong)(dong)進入Pourbaix圖(tu)中的(de)(de)(de)堿性腐蝕區(qu)(qu)，pH高時(shi)，金(jin)屬表(biao)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)氧化膜(mo)會被(bei)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)(de)(de)循環振蕩(dang)破壞然后發生(sheng)腐蝕。Panossian等[38]研究了不同pH下金(jin)屬的(de)(de)(de)AC腐蝕行(xing)為(wei)，模(mo)型是(shi)根據熱力學預估(gu)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)腐蝕發生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)原因，研究表(biao)明交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)腐蝕是(shi)由于(yu)(yu)在活化區(qu)(qu)和(he)(he)免蝕區(qu)(qu)或(huo)鈍化區(qu)(qu)和(he)(he)免蝕區(qu)(qu)間的(de)(de)(de)反(fan)復交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)替變化，但是(shi)具體動(dong)(dong)力參數(shu)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響規律卻沒(mei)有明確的(de)(de)(de)模(mo)型可以解釋(shi)。

2.5 自催化機制

Nielsen在(zai)(zai)“堿化機理”之上(shang)，進一(yi)步(bu)提(ti)出了(le)“自催化機制”[36,37,39]。這個機制的(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)條(tiao)件(jian)是：管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)護恒電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)儀(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)控制點附近(jin)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)層(ceng)(ceng)缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)，且(qie)在(zai)(zai)該位(wei)置存(cun)在(zai)(zai)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)干擾。認為施加了(le)陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)護的(de)(de)(de)埋地管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)發生交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)腐(fu)(fu)蝕一(yi)般需(xu)要3個必(bi)須具備的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)：交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓、管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)層(ceng)(ceng)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)微小的(de)(de)(de)缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)和過(guo)(guo)負的(de)(de)(de)陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)護極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)。因為存(cun)在(zai)(zai)著交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)感(gan)應電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)會流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)過(guo)(guo)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)層(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)破損處，造(zao)成(cheng)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)去極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化。此時，為了(le)保(bao)持(chi)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)的(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)定(ding)需(xu)增加陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。但(dan)是，增大陰保(bao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)會有管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)處局部土壤(rang)過(guo)(guo)堿化的(de)(de)(de)后果，使得管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)處的(de)(de)(de)擴散電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻Rs變(bian)小。由Ohm定(ding)律可知，一(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)干擾電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓下，管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)Rs變(bian)小會造(zao)成(cheng)缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)處的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密度(du)增大，而交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密度(du)的(de)(de)(de)增大又會進一(yi)步(bu)增強去極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)化作用，所以又需(xu)再(zai)加大管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)陰極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。這又會使防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)層(ceng)(ceng)缺(que)陷(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)Rs減小，陷(xian)(xian)(xian)入(ru)不(bu)斷惡性循環，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)腐(fu)(fu)蝕只會越來越嚴重，最(zui)終(zhong)造(zao)成(cheng)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)穿(chuan)孔。

2.6 腐蝕產物膜層(ceng)演變

交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)會(hui)引(yin)(yin)起雙層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)化(hua)(hua)(hua)學成(cheng)分的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)，從而引(yin)(yin)起平(ping)衡電(dian)(dian)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)(he)表(biao)(biao)面腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)產物(wu)膜的(de)(de)(de)(de)生長(chang)[25,40]。如(ru)圖5所(suo)示(shi)，在(zai)(zai)交(jiao)流干擾的(de)(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)半(ban)周(zhou)期(qi)中，陽(yang)極極化(hua)(hua)(hua)結(jie)果(guo)是(shi)金(jin)(jin)屬被(bei)溶(rong)解生成(cheng)Fe2+，Fe2+和(he)(he)溶(rong)液中的(de)(de)(de)(de)OH-在(zai)(zai)電(dian)(dian)極表(biao)(biao)面結(jie)合形成(cheng)多(duo)孔且(qie)疏松的(de)(de)(de)(de)Fe（OH）2，被(bei)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)為Fe3O4。在(zai)(zai)交(jiao)流干擾的(de)(de)(de)(de)負半(ban)周(zhou)期(qi)中，陰極極化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結(jie)果(guo)是(shi)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)產物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)還(huan)原。Fe3O4被(bei)還(huan)原為Fe（OH）2 （圖5中d）。隨著(zhu)下一(yi)個(ge)周(zhou)期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)始(shi)，一(yi)部分Fe（OH）2在(zai)(zai)下一(yi)次陽(yang)極極化(hua)(hua)(hua)過程中被(bei)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)為Fe3O4，另一(yi)部分則轉(zhuan)變為Fe（OH）3 （圖5中e）。因此，腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)產物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為黑色的(de)(de)(de)(de)Fe3O4，腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)產物(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為Fe（OH）3 （圖5中g和(he)(he)h），隨著(zhu)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)一(yi)步(bu)發(fa)生，Fe（OH）3轉(zhuan)變為Fe2O3和(he)(he)FeOOH。由此可知(zhi)，腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)產物(wu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)外層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)是(shi)由Fe（OH）2，Fe（OH）3和(he)(he)FeOOH組成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)沒有阻(zu)礙(ai)金(jin)(jin)屬腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)作用的(de)(de)(de)(de)多(duo)孔介質，腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)產物(wu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)底(di)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)緊(jin)挨(ai)金(jin)(jin)屬基(ji)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)致密(mi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)、有利(li)于保護管線鋼(gang)基(ji)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)Fe3O4[38]。

圖5   腐(fu)蝕產物膜層演變示意圖[25]

綜上(shang)所述，現有的各種AC腐(fu)蝕機理(li)的模型都有它(ta)的局(ju)限性(xing)和特(te)殊性(xing)。截至目前(qian)，AC腐(fu)蝕機理(li)尚未統一(yi)，有待(dai)深入研究(jiu)。

3 AC腐蝕的(de)影響因(yin)素

3.1 交流電(dian)流密度

交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)密度(du)(du)是(shi)影(ying)響金(jin)屬(shu)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)行為(wei)的(de)主要因素之一(yi)。一(yi)些研(yan)究(jiu)人員[41,42]認(ren)為(wei)，金(jin)屬(shu)的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)速(su)(su)率(lv)隨(sui)著交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)密度(du)(du)的(de)增大(da)而升高(gao)（見圖6）。Kim等[43]的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)明(ming)，施加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)低交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)密度(du)(du)20 A/m2，碳鋼的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)速(su)(su)率(lv)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)小，隨(sui)著交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)密度(du)(du)的(de)增加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，管道的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)速(su)(su)率(lv)甚(shen)至可以(yi)高(gao)達1.3 mm/a。Goidanich等[40]的(de)實驗表(biao)明(ming)，與無交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電干擾時相(xiang)比(bi)(bi)，當交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)密度(du)(du)為(wei)10 A/m2時，碳鋼的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)速(su)(su)率(lv)增加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)了一(yi)倍；當交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)密度(du)(du)大(da)于30 A/m2時，腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)速(su)(su)率(lv)呈指數增長。Wu等[44]認(ren)為(wei)由于交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)密度(du)(du)增加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)導致了氧還原加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)快，提高(gao)了極限(xian)擴散(san)電流(liu)(liu)(liu)密度(du)(du)，析氫反應容易被(bei)激發，進(jin)而加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)金(jin)屬(shu)的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)。Reyes等[45]的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)明(ming)，隨(sui)著交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)干擾的(de)不斷加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)強，由于交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電自身不斷增強的(de)攪拌和加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)熱作用(yong)，腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)速(su)(su)率(lv)增加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。

圖6   交流電流密(mi)度與(yu)腐蝕速率的關系[42]

除此(ci)之(zhi)外，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度的(de)變化(hua)(hua)還(huan)會影響金(jin)屬的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)行為(wei)，如均勻腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)、點蝕(shi)(shi)、應(ying)力腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)。Fu等(deng)(deng)(deng)[26]和李明(ming)等(deng)(deng)(deng)[24]研(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)明(ming)，在(zai)(zai)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度較低時(shi)，發生(sheng)的(de)是以均勻腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)為(wei)主的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)形(xing)態；在(zai)(zai)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度較高(gao)時(shi)，點蝕(shi)(shi)反(fan)而普遍發生(sheng)。碳(tan)鋼(gang)在(zai)(zai)低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度 （100 A/m2） 作(zuo)用下發生(sheng)的(de)是均勻腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)，當在(zai)(zai)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度 （如500 A/m2） 作(zuo)用下管線鋼(gang)發生(sheng)嚴重(zhong)的(de)局部腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)。Guo等(deng)(deng)(deng)[25]的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)也(ye)證明(ming)了(le)這一觀點。Kuang等(deng)(deng)(deng)[27]研(yan)究(jiu)證明(ming)在(zai)(zai)堿(jian)性環(huan)境中(zhong)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)干(gan)擾(rao)(rao)(rao)下，存在(zai)(zai)著臨(lin)界(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度0.002 A/cm2，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度較小時(shi)，鈍化(hua)(hua)膜可以阻擋腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)；交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度較大(da)時(shi)，由于(yu)陰極極化(hua)(hua)造成鈍化(hua)(hua)膜被破壞，加速了(le)金(jin)屬腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)尤其是點蝕(shi)(shi)的(de)產生(sheng)。楊燕(yan)[46]的(de)研(yan)究(jiu)結果表(biao)明(ming)，同等(deng)(deng)(deng)條(tiao)件下交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度越大(da)，蝕(shi)(shi)坑越深；交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度小于(yu)臨(lin)界(jie)值(zhi)時(shi)，隨著電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度增加，腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)越劇烈，如圖(tu)7和8所示。Liu等(deng)(deng)(deng)[47]和Wan等(deng)(deng)(deng)[48]研(yan)究(jiu)表(biao)明(ming)，在(zai)(zai)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)干(gan)擾(rao)(rao)(rao)下，隨著交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度的(de)不斷上(shang)升，應(ying)力腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)敏感性也(ye)不斷上(shang)升。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)干(gan)擾(rao)(rao)(rao)的(de)存在(zai)(zai)使(shi)得吸氧和析氫反(fan)應(ying)加速發生(sheng)，腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)速率也(ye)隨之(zhi)增加。

圖7  ; 不同交(jiao)流電流密(mi)度干擾24 h后(hou)X80鋼的腐蝕形貌[35]

圖8   不同(tong)交流(liu)電流(liu)密度干(gan)擾10 d后X70鋼試(shi)樣腐(fu)蝕形貌[46]

另外，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)密度(du)(du)大小對于金屬的(de)鈍(dun)(dun)性和化(hua)學反(fan)應的(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)步驟也存在著影響。Chin等[49]研究表明，在AC的(de)作(zuo)用下(xia)堿(jian)性環境中低碳鋼的(de)陽極(ji)極(ji)化(hua)曲線的(de)形狀發(fa)生(sheng)了變(bian)化(hua)，隨著交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)密度(du)(du)的(de)增(zeng)加(jia)，致(zhi)鈍(dun)(dun)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)密度(du)(du)不斷增(zeng)加(jia)，致(zhi)鈍(dun)(dun)電(dian)位(wei)負(fu)移。和宏偉等[50]研究表明，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)干擾越大，對氧擴散的(de)影響作(zuo)用越明顯，但增(zeng)加(jia)到一(yi)定程(cheng)度(du)(du)后陽極(ji)溶(rong)解(jie)會替代氧擴散步驟變(bian)為(wei)新(xin)的(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)步驟。由此可見，一(yi)般(ban)來(lai)說，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)密度(du)(du)愈大，腐蝕(shi)傾向(xiang)愈加(jia)嚴(yan)重(zhong)，并且容易發(fa)生(sheng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)點蝕(shi)且應力敏(min)感(gan)性增(zeng)加(jia)。

3.2 交流電頻率

交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)是(shi)周期(qi)變(bian)化的(de)，這也就影響(xiang)著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)極(ji)反應的(de)速(su)(su)(su)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。因此(ci)，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)對(dui)金(jin)屬腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)形(xing)態、蝕(shi)坑形(xing)態大(da)(da)小和密度等(deng)(deng)都(dou)有(you)著(zhu)重要的(de)影響(xiang)。目前，對(dui)于(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)對(dui)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)的(de)影響(xiang)還沒有(you)統(tong)一(yi)的(de)認識。常見的(de)AC腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)涉及的(de)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)范圍較小，通常腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)發生在(zai)工頻(pin) （50~60 Hz） 下(xia)(xia)，在(zai)此(ci)范圍內金(jin)屬的(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)速(su)(su)(su)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)隨著(zhu)頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)增(zeng)長(chang)而(er)下(xia)(xia)降。但也有(you)研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)人員提出(chu)了(le)不(bu)同的(de)意(yi)見。Bertocci[51]認為，在(zai)電(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)只有(you)少數交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)發生了(le)電(dian)(dian)荷轉移，非Faraday交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)因頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)不(bu)斷(duan)升(sheng)高使(shi)得通過雙電(dian)(dian)層的(de)次(ci)數不(bu)斷(duan)增(zeng)多，導致(zhi)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)速(su)(su)(su)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)很小，而(er)且也會影響(xiang)金(jin)屬的(de)鈍性[52]。Liu等(deng)(deng)[47]研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)結果表(biao)明，在(zai)30 Hz時反應速(su)(su)(su)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)最大(da)(da)，因為頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)改變(bian)對(dui)于(yu)產(chan)生的(de)反應產(chan)物有(you)周期(qi)性的(de)吸附和擴散(san)的(de)影響(xiang)。Radeka等(deng)(deng)[53]研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)認為，在(zai)AC的(de)作用(yong)下(xia)(xia)船舶用(yong)鋼的(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)臨界頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)為2000 Hz。但Dyer等(deng)(deng)[54]研(yan)究(jiu)(jiu)鋁(lv)箔的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)表(biao)明，當頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)小于(yu)臨界值時，頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)越(yue)大(da)(da)，蝕(shi)坑越(yue)小越(yue)密；當頻(pin)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)大(da)(da)于(yu)臨界值時，有(you)較大(da)(da)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)坑產(chan)生，導致(zhi)金(jin)屬變(bian)薄。

3.3 交(jiao)流電(dian)波(bo)形

交流(liu)電波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)也是金屬腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)行(xing)為(wei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要影(ying)響(xiang)因素(su)之一(yi)。目前，關于(yu)交流(liu)電波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)對腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)影(ying)響(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究較少。Chin等[49]分別使(shi)用三(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)、正(zheng)弦(xian)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)和方(fang)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)電 （頻(pin)率均為(wei)60 Hz） 進行(xing)Fe的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)實驗。相(xiang)同條件下，在降低金屬鈍性和腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)嚴重(zhong)性的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)面，從大(da)到小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)順序為(wei)：三(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)＞正(zheng)弦(xian)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)＞方(fang)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)；而(er)應力(li)敏感性從大(da)到小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)順序為(wei)：正(zheng)弦(xian)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)＞方(fang)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)＞三(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)。郭(guo)敏等[55]研(yan)究交流(liu)電波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)對低壓腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)鋁(lv)箔微觀形(xing)(xing)(xing)貌(mao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)結果顯(xian)示(shi)，正(zheng)弦(xian)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)和三(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔徑在大(da)小和間(jian)隔(ge)大(da)致相(xiang)同尺寸大(da)而(er)淺，方(fang)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)所產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔徑小而(er)密；波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)形(xing)(xing)(xing)有(you)一(yi)段(duan)平(ping)穩不變期時(shi)，易產生(sheng)并孔。對于(yu)電流(liu)處于(yu)不斷變化中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)三(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)與正(zheng)弦(xian)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)，并孔較少；三(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)使(shi)蝕(shi)(shi)坑有(you)縱向(xiang)發展加(jia)深的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)機會(hui)，并且電流(liu)數值上始終不發生(sheng)變化，又能(neng)誘(you)導新點蝕(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)萌生(sheng)。所以(yi)就(jiu)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)速率而(er)言，三(san)(san)角(jiao)(jiao)波(bo)(bo)(bo)(bo)造成的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)最為(wei)嚴重(zhong)。

3.4 環境參數

一些(xie)學者的(de)研(yan)究[30,56]表明，金屬的(de)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度隨(sui)交流(liu)電流(liu)密(mi)度的(de)增大而升高(gao)。大家普遍認為(wei)，在(zai)交流(liu)電流(liu)密(mi)度約(yue)(yue)為(wei)0~835 A/m2時(shi)，溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度可升至約(yue)(yue)40 ℃。但是在(zai)現場沒有明確證(zheng)據說明AC會引(yin)起溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度升高(gao)[57]，僅僅是在(zai)室(shi)內實驗(yan)時(shi)得到此結論。

此外，溶液成(cheng)分也是(shi)重要的(de)影(ying)響因(yin)素。一(yi)些離子(zi)可(ke)以(yi)通過直接或間(jian)接參與(yu)電極(ji)反應，如CaCO3和NaHCO3，由(you)于CO32-與(yu)HCO3-參與(yu)電極(ji)反應而導致(zhi)(zhi)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)加劇。流(liu)動的(de)介質腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)更嚴重[27,58,59]。Cl-可(ke)以(yi)使腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)的(de)程度加劇[26,60,61]，且(qie)有研究[46,62]表明，當Cl-與(yu)SO42-共存時，SO42-具有緩蝕(shi)性(xing)，可(ke)減弱Cl-對(dui)金(jin)屬(shu)點蝕(shi)的(de)影(ying)響，減少點蝕(shi)的(de)數量。另一(yi)些離子(zi)在金(jin)屬(shu)表面生成(cheng)致(zhi)(zhi)密(mi)的(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)產物(wu)膜覆(fu)蓋在金(jin)屬(shu)表面，最終影(ying)響電極(ji)反應的(de)傳質過程[63,64]。

3.5 微生物

交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電能夠影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)新陳(chen)代(dai)謝(xie)(xie)，進而影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)金(jin)屬的(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)行為(wei)。然而，相關研究鮮有(you)報道。卿永長等(deng)(deng)[65]利用電化學方法和(he)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)形貌觀(guan)察法對Q235鋼在(zai)(zai)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電和(he)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)共同(tong)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)行為(wei)研究表明，在(zai)(zai)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電流(liu)密度為(wei)50 A/m2，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電頻率為(wei)50 Hz的(de)(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)件下，正弦波(bo)對硫酸鹽還原菌 （SRB） 的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長未造(zao)成較大的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響(xiang)(xiang) （圖9），交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電的(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)使得SRB微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)膜的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸附性(xing)降(jiang)低并加速(su)了微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)膜的(de)(de)(de)(de)脫附。在(zai)(zai)實(shi)驗前期，活性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)膜抑制了金(jin)屬的(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)，但在(zai)(zai)實(shi)驗后期微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)膜失去(qu)活性(xing)，發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)脫附，和(he)SRB的(de)(de)(de)(de)代(dai)謝(xie)(xie)產(chan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)一并加速(su)試樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)。在(zai)(zai)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用下，由(you)于整流(liu)效應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)，點蝕(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)自催化效應(ying)越發嚴重(zhong)，局部腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)更加嚴重(zhong)。SRB的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)理代(dai)謝(xie)(xie)過程使得Q235鋼的(de)(de)(de)(de)局部腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)敏感性(xing)增大。AC的(de)(de)(de)(de)存(cun)(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)造(zao)成試樣腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)產(chan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)疏(shu)松，點蝕(shi)(shi)等(deng)(deng)局部腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)傾向(xiang)加劇。此外，Qing等(deng)(deng)[66]的(de)(de)(de)(de)研究還表明，對X80鋼施加10 mA/cm2的(de)(de)(de)(de)AC電流(liu)抑制了懸浮在(zai)(zai)溶(rong)液中和(he)吸附在(zai)(zai)金(jin)屬基(ji)體上SRB的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長和(he)代(dai)謝(xie)(xie)，間接地促進了金(jin)屬基(ji)體的(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)，認為(wei)SRB存(cun)(cun)(cun)在(zai)(zai)下交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)機理是由(you)Fe的(de)(de)(de)(de)活性(xing)溶(rong)解和(he)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)膜的(de)(de)(de)(de)降(jiang)解共同(tong)控制的(de)(de)(de)(de)。

圖9   實驗中細菌(jun)數量隨時(shi)間的變化[65]

4 AC腐蝕防護(hu)措(cuo)施的(de)實驗研究(jiu)

4.1 陰(yin)極保護

一般(ban)來說，管道(dao)(dao)(dao)上施加的(de)(de)(de)(de)最小陰極(ji)(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)電位為-0.85 V （CSE）[67]。當管道(dao)(dao)(dao)承受交流(liu)干擾時，由于(yu)交流(liu)干擾也會對埋(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)管道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電位等(deng)造(zao)成嚴重的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響，所以也會影(ying)響陰極(ji)(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)參數，這可能(neng)就會造(zao)成陰極(ji)(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)數值的(de)(de)(de)(de)變化。只有(you)在了(le)解AC對埋(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)管道(dao)(dao)(dao)陰極(ji)(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響規律和臨界值后才能(neng)更(geng)好(hao)地(di)(di)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)埋(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)管道(dao)(dao)(dao)，真(zhen)正的(de)(de)(de)(de)起到保(bao)護(hu)(hu)管道(dao)(dao)(dao)完(wan)整性的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用。目前，已經(jing)有(you)很(hen)多學者(zhe)進行了(le)AC對埋(mai)(mai)地(di)(di)管道(dao)(dao)(dao)陰極(ji)(ji)保(bao)護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響規律的(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)，并得到了(le)一些結(jie)論。

學者們一(yi)致認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，AC會(hui)(hui)使(shi)(shi)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的效(xiao)果減弱甚至失(shi)效(xiao)。但是(shi)(shi)，對于(yu)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)在(zai)(zai)(zai)遭(zao)(zao)受交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)干擾時(shi)(shi)(shi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)更負(fu)的保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)否可(ke)(ke)(ke)以保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持管(guan)道完(wan)(wan)整性卻(que)存在(zai)(zai)(zai)著兩種不(bu)同意見。一(yi)些學者認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)之(zhi)所以會(hui)(hui)失(shi)效(xiao)是(shi)(shi)因(yin)為(wei)(wei)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)程度(du)(du)不(bu)夠(gou)，只要(yao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)是(shi)(shi)足夠(gou)負(fu)的，交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)完(wan)(wan)全(quan)(quan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以被避(bi)免(mian)的。Hosokawa等[68]和Kajiyama等[69]認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，管(guan)道即(ji)使(shi)(shi)滿(man)足-0.85 V （CSE） 的陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)標準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)，也(ye)(ye)會(hui)(hui)遭(zao)(zao)受嚴重(zhong)的AC腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)。AC的存在(zai)(zai)(zai)會(hui)(hui)降低陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的防腐(fu)(fu)效(xiao)果，只有(you)當(dang)(dang)(dang)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)更負(fu)時(shi)(shi)(shi)才能完(wan)(wan)全(quan)(quan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)管(guan)道。Ibrahim等[70]認(ren)為(wei)(wei)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)干擾在(zai)(zai)(zai)兩個方面降低陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)效(xiao)果：一(yi)是(shi)(shi)金屬(shu)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)負(fu)向(xiang)波(bo)動，二是(shi)(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)入使(shi)(shi)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)效(xiao)率降低。Guo等[71]認(ren)為(wei)(wei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)較小時(shi)(shi)(shi)，原有(you)的陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)-0.85 V （CSE） 有(you)效(xiao)；當(dang)(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)較大(da)時(shi)(shi)(shi)，若想抑(yi)制腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)，則需要(yao)更負(fu)的陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)，如-0.95 V （CSE）。Kim等[43]認(ren)為(wei)(wei)，只要(yao)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)足夠(gou)負(fu)，AC腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)是(shi)(shi)完(wan)(wan)全(quan)(quan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以避(bi)免(mian)的。當(dang)(dang)(dang)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)-1.1 V （CSE），交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)小于(yu)100 A/m2時(shi)(shi)(shi)，造(zao)成(cheng)的腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)都可(ke)(ke)(ke)以忽略不(bu)計。Xu等[72]的研究也(ye)(ye)證實了這一(yi)觀點。Kuang等[73]選(xuan)用(yong)了3種陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)：-0.85，-0.925和-1.0 V （CSE），得到結(jie)論(lun)是(shi)(shi)：施(shi)加交(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)干擾后，陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)并不(bu)是(shi)(shi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持施(shi)加值而不(bu)發(fa)(fa)生改變；并且在(zai)(zai)(zai)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)-0.85 V （CSE），當(dang)(dang)(dang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)小于(yu)10 A/m2時(shi)(shi)(shi)，不(bu)發(fa)(fa)生腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)；陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)-0.925 V （CSE），電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)在(zai)(zai)(zai)10~50 A/m2時(shi)(shi)(shi)，不(bu)會(hui)(hui)發(fa)(fa)生腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)；而在(zai)(zai)(zai)陰(yin)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)為(wei)(wei)-1.0 V （CSE） 時(shi)(shi)(shi)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)(mi)度(du)(du)再高也(ye)(ye)不(bu)會(hui)(hui)造(zao)成(cheng)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)。

與之(zhi)相反，另(ling)一些學者認為(wei)(wei)，陰(yin)(yin)極保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)過負不但(dan)(dan)(dan)不會(hui)(hui)減弱(ruo)對金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)反而(er)(er)(er)會(hui)(hui)加(jia)劇金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)。Vagramyan等(deng)[56]研究(jiu)得(de)到(dao)，當(dang)陰(yin)(yin)極保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)高(gao)于(yu)-0.95 V （SCE） 或-1.20 V （SCE） 時，在(zai)施(shi)加(jia)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)后(hou)反而(er)(er)(er)會(hui)(hui)促進金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)，起不到(dao)防腐(fu)(fu)的(de)(de)作用。交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)密度(du)與直流(liu)(liu)密度(du)之(zhi)比(bi)同腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)速(su)率(lv)之(zhi)間的(de)(de)關系如圖10[74]所示，由(you)(you)圖中規律提出了加(jia)大陰(yin)(yin)極保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)和(he)施(shi)加(jia)弱(ruo)保(bao)護(hu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)這兩種(zhong)減小金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)速(su)率(lv)的(de)(de)方法。唐志德等(deng)[75]研究(jiu)認為(wei)(wei)，當(dang)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)“欠保(bao)護(hu)”時，由(you)(you)于(yu)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)表面(mian)沒有形成完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)膜，金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)暴露在(zai)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)下進而(er)(er)(er)造成了腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)；當(dang)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)“過保(bao)護(hu)”時，雖然形成了完(wan)整(zheng)的(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)膜但(dan)(dan)(dan)是(shi)由(you)(you)于(yu)交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)震(zhen)蕩作用和(he)實(shi)時電(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)波(bo)動，最終保(bao)護(hu)膜破裂，金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)遭到(dao)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)。和(he)宏偉[76]研究(jiu)得(de)出，交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)(liu)干(gan)擾(rao)的(de)(de)存在(zai)不但(dan)(dan)(dan)會(hui)(hui)使腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)程度(du)大大增(zeng)加(jia)還會(hui)(hui)使陰(yin)(yin)極電(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)顯(xian)著(zhu)增(zeng)長，管道(dao)還會(hui)(hui)面(mian)臨腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)加(jia)速(su)、氫脆、陰(yin)(yin)極剝離(li)等(deng)風險。

圖10   碳鋼腐(fu)蝕(shi)速率隨(sui)交直流電流密度之比(bi)和陰保極化(hua)電位變化(hua)圖[74]

對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)新的(de)(de)歐洲(zhou)標(biao)準[77]，Ormellese等[78]通過研究(jiu)(jiu)存在(zai)AC干擾的(de)(de)陰(yin)極保護系統得出：（1） 由(you)于(yu)(yu)AC干擾的(de)(de)存在(zai)，管道(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)正(zheng)移，-850 mV標(biao)準并(bing)不能給管道(dao)(dao)提供足夠的(de)(de)保護。（2） 對(dui)(dui)于(yu)(yu)存在(zai)陰(yin)極保護的(de)(de)管道(dao)(dao)，只(zhi)采用(yong)(yong)交(jiao)流腐蝕電(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度這(zhe)一個(ge)標(biao)準是(shi)(shi)不正(zheng)確的(de)(de)，還需考慮交(jiao)流、直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度比(bi)值(zhi)與管道(dao)(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)，這(zhe)也(ye)是(shi)(shi)十(shi)分(fen)重要(yao)的(de)(de)。（3） 當陰(yin)極保護電(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)處于(yu)(yu)-1.0~-1.2 V （CSE） 之(zhi)間，不存在(zai)過保護的(de)(de)情況，交(jiao)流、直流電(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度比(bi)值(zhi)小(xiao)于(yu)(yu)20時，可以認(ren)為(wei)陰(yin)極保護是(shi)(shi)有效的(de)(de)。除此之(zhi)外，Di Biase等[79]也(ye)指(zhi)出，因為(wei)管道(dao)(dao)上每一點的(de)(de)極化特性都不是(shi)(shi)固定(ding)不變的(de)(de)，而是(shi)(shi)隨(sui)著時間而改變，這(zhe)使(shi)得標(biao)準中的(de)(de)極化特性即(ji)使(shi)十(shi)分(fen)必(bi)要(yao)但也(ye)難(nan)以在(zai)實際中應用(yong)(yong)。目(mu)前交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)對(dui)(dui)陰(yin)極保護影響的(de)(de)評判(pan)指(zhi)標(biao)[80,81]也(ye)在(zai)不斷完善，還有待進一步的(de)(de)研究(jiu)(jiu)。

4.2 涂(tu)層(ceng)保護

埋地(di)(di)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)和外(wai)加陰極保護聯合使用(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)最為經濟有(you)(you)效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控制腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)措施。涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)是(shi)(shi)使管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)與(yu)(yu)外(wai)界環(huan)境產生(sheng)物理阻隔，避免基體與(yu)(yu)周圍環(huan)境產生(sheng)相(xiang)互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。然而，由于(yu)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)本身在(zai)(zai)制作(zuo)完成時就會有(you)(you)如針孔等(deng)缺(que)陷的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)存在(zai)(zai)，在(zai)(zai)實際施工與(yu)(yu)運行中涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)會無法避免地(di)(di)受到破(po)壞。當涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)破(po)損(sun)處有(you)(you)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)雜(za)散電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)(liu)過(guo)時，容(rong)易(yi)造成埋地(di)(di)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局部腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)，使管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)形成穿孔。目前，埋地(di)(di)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)防腐(fu)(fu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)大(da)(da)多(duo)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)具(ju)有(you)(you)較(jiao)高絕(jue)緣電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溶結環(huan)氧粉(fen)末(mo)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)或三層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)聚乙烯涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，該(gai)類(lei)防腐(fu)(fu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)可達到99.9%。雖然這(zhe)能有(you)(you)效(xiao)將管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)與(yu)(yu)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)環(huan)境進(jin)行隔離(li)，避免環(huan)境介質對管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)。但(dan)是(shi)(shi)，當管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)附近存在(zai)(zai)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)源時，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)防腐(fu)(fu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)絕(jue)緣性能越(yue)好，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓就越(yue)不容(rong)易(yi)像以(yi)前容(rong)易(yi)存在(zai)(zai)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)破(po)碎(sui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)道(dao)(dao)(dao)那樣(yang)通過(guo)防腐(fu)(fu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)缺(que)陷將其(qi)排(pai)出到大(da)(da)地(di)(di)中。Li等(deng)[82]研究(jiu)結果表(biao)明，在(zai)(zai)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)下，涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)破(po)損(sun)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)小(xiao)，涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)破(po)損(sun)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開路(lu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)大(da)(da)，所(suo)以(yi)缺(que)陷面(mian)積(ji)(ji)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)更容(rong)易(yi)被腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)，而且(qie)隨著交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷(duan)增大(da)(da)，缺(que)陷面(mian)積(ji)(ji)小(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)程(cheng)度加深，缺(que)陷面(mian)積(ji)(ji)大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)速率(lv)(lv)(lv)下降(jiang)。丁清苗等(deng)[83]研究(jiu)表(biao)明，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)增加了(le)剝離(li)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)下試樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)傾向性及(ji)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)速率(lv)(lv)(lv)，且(qie)破(po)損(sun)點處試樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)速率(lv)(lv)(lv)受其(qi)影(ying)響較(jiao)大(da)(da)，腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)形態(tai)為局部腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)。這(zhe)是(shi)(shi)由于(yu)固定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)加交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)在(zai)(zai)小(xiao)缺(que)口(kou)處產生(sheng)了(le)較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)度，并且(qie)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)陽離(li)子很難從(cong)局部的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)狹小(xiao)缺(que)陷中擴散出來。另外(wai)，Wang等(deng)[84]的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研究(jiu)表(biao)明，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)還會使涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)發(fa)生(sheng)分(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)剝離(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)象，且(qie)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)度越(yue)大(da)(da)，涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)分(fen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)越(yue)多(duo)越(yue)明顯，涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)剝離(li)現(xian)(xian)象越(yue)嚴(yan)重(zhong)。如圖11[37]所(suo)示，通過(guo)對兩(liang)組實驗數據(ju)進(jin)行擬(ni)合，在(zai)(zai)土壤(rang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻率(lv)(lv)(lv)不變的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下，交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)密(mi)度與(yu)(yu)破(po)損(sun)面(mian)積(ji)(ji)呈倒數關系。

圖11   涂層破損面(mian)積(ji)與(yu)交(jiao)流(liu)電流(liu)密度(du)之(zhi)間關系(xi)[37]

4.3 接地排流

接地(di)排流(liu)(liu)(liu)是(shi)將管(guan)(guan)道(dao)與接地(di)體相連接，以(yi)排除管(guan)(guan)道(dao)所受(shou)到的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)干擾。常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)接地(di)方式(shi)為(wei)(wei)(wei)：直接接地(di)、負電(dian)位(wei)接地(di)、固態(tai)去(qu)(qu)耦(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)合(he)(he)器(qi)(qi)(qi)接地(di)。目前，國(guo)內(nei)外最常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)緩(huan)解措施(shi)是(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)(liu)緩(huan)解地(di)床(chuang)+去(qu)(qu)耦(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)合(he)(he)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi) （常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)緩(huan)解線材(cai)料(liao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)鋅帶(dai)），鋅帶(dai)通過去(qu)(qu)耦(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)合(he)(he)器(qi)(qi)(qi)與管(guan)(guan)道(dao)相連，去(qu)(qu)耦(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)合(he)(he)器(qi)(qi)(qi)具有(you)阻(zu)直通交(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用(yong)，避免了(le)陰極保護(hu)(hu)電(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)(liu)失。對(dui)此，國(guo)內(nei)外也進行了(le)一些計(ji)算分(fen)析工(gong)作(zuo)及(ji)實驗(yan)研究(jiu)。Lu等(deng)(deng)[85]研究(jiu)得到，去(qu)(qu)耦(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)合(he)(he)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)和鋅帶(dai)共同(tong)使(shi)用(yong)時(shi)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)的(de)(de)(de)腐蝕(shi)速(su)率(lv)比(bi)單獨使(shi)用(yong)鋅帶(dai)時(shi)要小很多。孫磊峰認為(wei)(wei)(wei)[86]，目前對(dui)固態(tai)去(qu)(qu)耦(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)合(he)(he)器(qi)(qi)(qi)排流(liu)(liu)(liu)設施(shi)全面(mian)性(xing)檢測評(ping)價(jia)依(yi)據國(guo)內(nei)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)缺乏詳(xiang)細內(nei)容，需要在排流(liu)(liu)(liu)設施(shi)基本狀況調查檢測、排流(liu)(liu)(liu)去(qu)(qu)耦(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)合(he)(he)器(qi)(qi)(qi)性(xing)能檢測評(ping)價(jia)、排流(liu)(liu)(liu)位(wei)置(zhi)陰極保護(hu)(hu)效(xiao)果(guo)檢測評(ping)價(jia)等(deng)(deng)方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)詳(xiang)細內(nei)容上完善或補充現有(you)標(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)。對(dui)有(you)陰極保護(hu)(hu)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)，為(wei)(wei)(wei)了(le)陰極保護(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)良好效(xiao)果(guo)，建議排流(liu)(liu)(liu)地(di)床(chuang)材(cai)料(liao)盡量選擇(ze)負電(dian)位(wei)材(cai)料(liao)如鋅帶(dai)。劉波(bo)等(deng)(deng)[87]認為(wei)(wei)(wei)利(li)用(yong)固態(tai)去(qu)(qu)耦(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)合(he)(he)器(qi)(qi)(qi)連接銅(tong)線或鋅帶(dai)，在排流(liu)(liu)(liu)方面(mian)鋅帶(dai)更好，多個固態(tai)去(qu)(qu)耦(ou)(ou)(ou)(ou)合(he)(he)器(qi)(qi)(qi)同(tong)時(shi)使(shi)用(yong)可以(yi)得到更加明顯(xian)的(de)(de)(de)排流(liu)(liu)(liu)效(xiao)果(guo)。劉國(guo)[88]認為(wei)(wei)(wei)，排流(liu)(liu)(liu)點的(de)(de)(de)數量及(ji)設計(ji)工(gong)程(cheng)量遠(yuan)大(da)于真正的(de)(de)(de)需求，不但造成了(le)資(zi)金的(de)(de)(de)浪費，又給管(guan)(guan)道(dao)后續的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)腐層和陰極保護(hu)(hu)檢測帶(dai)來負面(mian)影響。

4.4 其他保(bao)護方(fang)法

多年(nian)來研(yan)究人員致力于想(xiang)要(yao)防止埋(mai)地金屬(shu)管道(dao)可能(neng)遭受到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)交流干擾，減少對管道(dao)可能(neng)產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)危害(hai)，以及避免對相關操作人員可能(neng)引起危險的(de)(de)(de)發生。目前，實際當中廣泛應(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)防護方法還(huan)有(you)：增加埋(mai)地管道(dao)與強電線路的(de)(de)(de)間(jian)距(ju)、電屏蔽等。但在長時(shi)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)實踐(jian)應(ying)用和生產(chan)(chan)使用過程當中，這些方法都或多或少的(de)(de)(de)出現了(le)一些問題，也都存在各自的(de)(de)(de)局(ju)限(xian)性(xing)，這些還(huan)有(you)待實驗人員不斷(duan)地進行研(yan)究和解決。

5 結語(yu)與展望

（1） 交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)對埋地管道的腐蝕(shi)(shi)熱力(li)學和動力(li)學過程(cheng)及保護效果都有(you)著(zhu)重要的影響作用，其中主要參數包括交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)密度、波(bo)形以及頻率。由于交(jiao)(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)(dian)干(gan)擾(rao)的存在，會不(bu)同程(cheng)度地促(cu)進金屬的腐蝕(shi)(shi)與增加局(ju)部腐蝕(shi)(shi)敏(min)感性。然而，已有(you)的研(yan)究成(cheng)果在臨界條(tiao)件上并沒(mei)有(you)得到(dao)統一的結論。

（2） 目前已提出多個(ge)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)理模型，包括：Faraday整流(liu)(liu)效應(ying)、陽極(ji)反應(ying)的(de)(de)不(bu)可逆性(xing)(xing)、陽極(ji)的(de)(de)去極(ji)化作用、堿化機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)理、自催(cui)化機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)及腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)產物膜層演變。雖然這(zhe)(zhe)幾種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)理被(bei)廣泛認(ren)同(tong)，但(dan)是(shi)幾種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)理的(de)(de)內在聯系始終沒(mei)被(bei)突破，每(mei)種機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)理都(dou)各自受環境(jing)介(jie)質或實驗現象(xiang)產生原因不(bu)明等問(wen)題(ti)的(de)(de)影(ying)響，不(bu)同(tong)條件(jian)下并(bing)沒(mei)有統(tong)一(yi)適用的(de)(de)模型。因此(ci)，今后(hou)的(de)(de)研究重點應(ying)該放在機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)理研究方(fang)面，特別是(shi)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)理的(de)(de)本(ben)質、內在聯系和統(tong)一(yi)性(xing)(xing)，這(zhe)(zhe)會(hui)促(cu)進(jin)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)預測、評價及防護技術的(de)(de)進(jin)一(yi)步發展。

（3） 埋地管道(dao)在現(xian)場(chang)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)的(de)過程中，不僅(jin)僅(jin)只受交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)干擾這一(yi)種因(yin)素(su)(su)影響(xiang)，目前所做(zuo)的(de)實驗研究(jiu)干擾因(yin)素(su)(su)過于單一(yi)，只考慮到了(le)土壤(rang)環(huan)境、陰(yin)極保(bao)護(hu)(hu)或微生(sheng)物腐(fu)蝕的(de)影響(xiang)，忽略了(le)實驗結論的(de)現(xian)場(chang)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)性，應(ying)(ying)進行(xing)例(li)如陰(yin)極保(bao)護(hu)(hu)與微生(sheng)物協同作用(yong)下對(dui)交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電腐(fu)蝕影響(xiang)等的(de)多(duo)因(yin)素(su)(su)實驗研究(jiu)。因(yin)此(ci)，在研究(jiu)的(de)過程中應(ying)(ying)該注重在埋地管道(dao)鋪設現(xian)場(chang)不同影響(xiang)因(yin)素(su)(su)與交(jiao)流(liu)(liu)電的(de)協同作用(yong)。

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