防腐與絕熱在工程項目中經(jing)常是(shi)關(guan)聯在一(yi)起的，最典型(xing)的案列就是(shi)CUI（保溫(wen)層下的腐(fu)蝕），即在(zai)控制(zhi)能源損耗(hao)的同(tong)時(shi)還要阻止腐(fu)蝕的發生。這種控制(zhi)能源損耗(hao)的方(fang)法，經常被習慣性的稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)保溫(wen)；其(qi)實是(shi)(shi)說對了一(yi)半(ban)(ban)，另一(yi)半(ban)(ban)還有保冷。按(an)照(zhao)規(gui)范(fan)的概念敘述就是(shi)(shi)保溫(wen)保冷合在(zai)一(yi)起(qi)統稱(cheng)為(wei)(wei)絕(jue)(jue)熱(re)(re)。根據GB/T 4272-2008《設(she)備(bei)及管(guan)道絕(jue)(jue)熱(re)(re)技(ji)術(shu)通則》：所謂絕(jue)(jue)熱(re)(re)，就是(shi)(shi)為(wei)(wei)了減少設(she)備(bei)，管(guan)道及其(qi)附件向周圍環(huan)境散熱(re)(re)，在(zai)其(qi)外表(biao)面采取的增設(she)絕(jue)(jue)熱(re)(re)層的措(cuo)施，按(an)流向分為(wei)(wei)保溫(wen)，保冷。標準也規(gui)定了絕(jue)(jue)熱(re)(re)材料在(zai)平均(jun)溫(wen)度等于623K（350℃）時(shi)，其(qi)導熱(re)(re)系數不得大于0.12W/（m·K）。

絕熱大部分(fen)以工業設備和管道為(wei)(wei)主，對于保溫(wen)(wen)(wen)和保冷界(jie)定通常(chang)按設備及(ji)管道貯(zhu)存和輸送的(de)介(jie)質溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)劃(hua)分(fen)，把(ba)介(jie)質溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)低于常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)絕熱措施稱為(wei)(wei)保冷；而(er)把(ba)介(jie)質溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)高于常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)絕熱措施稱為(wei)(wei)保溫(wen)(wen)(wen)。也有人將設備或者管道表面溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)超(chao)過(guo)60℃時(shi)，為了(le)防止熱(re)量損耗(hao)和安全防燙采(cai)(cai)取的措施(shi)(shi)叫保溫(wen)(wen)，而將介(jie)質溫(wen)(wen)度低于10℃的設(she)備或者管道采(cai)(cai)取的失冷措施(shi)(shi)叫做保冷。絕(jue)熱(re)是利用一(yi)些具有特(te)殊性能的工(gong)程材料構(gou)成的絕(jue)熱(re)結構(gou)來減少其(qi)結構(gou)內外溫(wen)(wen)差形成的熱(re)流傳(chuan)遞(di)的措施(shi)(shi)。絕(jue)熱(re)材料一(yi)般分為有機絕(jue)熱(re)材料、無機絕熱(re)材料、復合(he)型絕熱(re)材料三類；適用于700℃以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)的(de)為(wei)高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)絕熱材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)，適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)100℃-700℃之間的(de)為(wei)中溫(wen)(wen)(wen)絕熱材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)，適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)100℃以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)的(de)為(wei)常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)絕熱材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。保(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)包(bao)括(kuo)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)和(he)超低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)（如-200℃以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)），普通(tong)的(de)低溫(wen)(wen)(wen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)一(yi)般用(yong)于(yu)(yu)常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)的(de)絕熱或(huo)(huo)者0℃以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)常(chang)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)下(xia)的(de)防(fang)結(jie)(jie)露。由于(yu)(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)的(de)熱流(liu)方向(xiang)與(yu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)熱流(liu)方向(xiang)相反(fan)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)層(ceng)外側蒸(zheng)氣壓大于(yu)(yu)內側，蒸(zheng)汽易滲入保(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)層(ceng)，致(zhi)使保(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)層(ceng)內部產生(sheng)凝結(jie)(jie)水或(huo)(huo)者結(jie)(jie)冰，通(tong)過保(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)(leng)措(cuo)施可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)阻(zu)止這種(zhong)現(xian)象的(de)發生(sheng)。

絕熱之保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)保(bao)(bao)冷材(cai)(cai)(cai)料有時(shi)候可以互用，如氣凝膠絕熱材(cai)(cai)(cai)料既可以當保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料使用又可以做(zuo)保(bao)(bao)冷材(cai)(cai)(cai)料使用，但是大(da)部分的保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料保(bao)(bao)冷材(cai)(cai)(cai)料使用還(huan)是有區別的。例(li)如介質溫(wen)(wen)度不一樣，為了防(fang)止熱量損(sun)失(shi)和防(fang)燙安全(quan)，60℃以(yi)(yi)上就必須使(shi)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)，而10℃至-196℃必須使(shi)用(yong)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)將冷(leng)(leng)的(de)物質(zhi)與自(zi)然界隔離；保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)與保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)的(de)密封(feng)(feng)性(xing)不一樣，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)與熱的(de)管道或者(zhe)設(she)備(bei)接觸，密封(feng)(feng)性(xing)無嚴格要求，而保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)則必須密封(feng)(feng)效果好，否則容易造成(cheng)(cheng)水汽凝(ning)聚，結(jie)冰后膨脹，使(shi)得(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)裂(lie)開松動；保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)傳導方向(xiang)不一樣，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)由里向(xiang)外，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)由外向(xiang)里；材(cai)(cai)料(liao)選(xuan)擇不同，當溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)小于(yu)250℃時可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)選(xuan)擇巖棉板或者(zhe)巖棉管殼材(cai)(cai)料(liao)，大于(yu)25℃時可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)選(xuan)擇硅酸鹽材(cai)(cai)料(liao)，當溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)小于(yu)10℃時，可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)選(xuan)擇發泡(pao)聚氨酯，橡塑或者(zhe)聚苯乙(yi)烯泡(pao)沫(mo)等；保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)成(cheng)(cheng)本價也(ye)不同，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)利用(yong)一次性(xing)能(neng)源(yuan)（煤(mei)，油）就可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)獲(huo)得(de)，而保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)需要利用(yong)二次性(xing)能(neng)源(yuan)（蒸(zheng)汽，電）才能(neng)獲(huo)得(de)，其設(she)備(bei)折舊及能(neng)源(yuan)多次轉換消耗造成(cheng)(cheng)冷(leng)(leng)價高(gao)于(yu)熱價，冷(leng)(leng)價通常是(shi)熱價的(de)4-6倍。因此，減少單位冷(leng)(leng)損失(shi)對于(yu)節約能(neng)源(yuan)具有很高(gao)的(de)經濟附加(jia)(jia)值；保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)和保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)結(jie)構不同，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)結(jie)構為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)層(ceng)加(jia)(jia)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)層(ceng)，而保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)結(jie)構為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)冷(leng)(leng)層(ceng)加(jia)(jia)防潮層(ceng)加(jia)(jia)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)層(ceng)。

絕(jue)熱材料品種(zhong)繁(fan)多，實際使用(yong)過程中必須考(kao)慮以下幾點(dian)：
1. 使用溫度不能超(chao)出材料(liao)的適(shi)用范圍。
2. 既(ji)要(yao)考(kao)(kao)慮(lv)材料(liao)的(de)自身耐腐蝕(shi)性能，也要(yao)考(kao)(kao)慮(lv)材料(liao)不能對被絕(jue)熱
的(de)設備和管道的(de)產生腐蝕（CUI）。
3. 導熱系數(shu)要小，容重要小。
4. 必須阻燃(ran)或者不燃(ran)，或在(zai)絕熱層外包(bao)覆耐火材料。
5. 機械強(qiang)度高，耐破損耐折斷和碎(sui)裂。
6. 耐(nai)水(shui)性(xing)好(hao)，吸水(shui)率要(yao)小。
7. 使(shi)用年限長，可(ke)拆卸(xie)，容易維護(hu)修理(li)。
8. 施工時損耗(hao)小，粉(fen)塵少，火災時不(bu)產生有害性氣(qi)體(ti)。

絕熱(re)材料雖然繁多；但是使用最為廣(guang)泛，最為經典的有礦渣(zha)棉類(lei)，耐溫800℃以(yi)(yi)(yi)上，價格低(di)，來源廣(guang)(guang)，防(fang)(fang)蛀(zhu)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)腐(fu)蝕(shi)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中對人有(you)刺癢現象(xiang)；玻(bo)璃(li)棉(mian)類(lei)(lei)，耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)腐(fu)蝕(shi)，不(bu)蛀(zhu)不(bu)霉(mei)，吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)率低(di)，價格便宜，有(you)刺癢現象(xiang)，超細(xi)玻(bo)璃(li)棉(mian)無(wu)皮(pi)膚(fu)刺激現象(xiang)，就是吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)大(da)價格高(gao)(gao)，耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)溫(wen)(wen)400℃；硅酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鈣類(lei)(lei)，1971年上海(hai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)材(cai)(cai)所和(he)上海(hai)電力建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)公司共同研制(zhi)成(cheng)功，機械強度(du)(du)(du)高(gao)(gao)，容(rong)(rong)易(yi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)溫(wen)(wen)達(da)到650℃（注意高(gao)(gao)堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)引起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)金屬(shu)腐(fu)蝕(shi)）；硅酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鋁(lv)類(lei)(lei)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)高(gao)(gao)達(da)1000℃-1300℃，用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業爐的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)，受酸(suan)(suan)(suan)堿(jian)(jian)腐(fu)蝕(shi)小；復(fu)合(he)硅酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)類(lei)(lei)，復(fu)合(he)硅酸(suan)(suan)(suan)鹽(yan)漿料(liao)可以(yi)(yi)(yi)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)到異形設(she)(she)備及管(guan)道(dao)(dao)附(fu)件，如球體(ti)，椎體(ti)，罐(guan)體(ti)，旋轉體(ti)，閥門法蘭和(he)三通等(deng)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)不(bu)停車狀(zhuang)況下進行修補或者改造，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)熱(re)(re)態涂抹(mo)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，適應(ying)-25℃-600℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)范圍(wei)(wei)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)；膨脹珍珠巖(yan)類(lei)(lei)，絕(jue)熱(re)(re)，吸(xi)聲，無(wu)毒，無(wu)臭(chou)，無(wu)腐(fu)蝕(shi)，不(bu)燃燒，吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)高(gao)(gao)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)范圍(wei)(wei)-50℃-900℃，在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業設(she)(she)備，管(guan)道(dao)(dao)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)及低(di)溫(wen)(wen)地下工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)熱(re)(re)廣(guang)(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)；膨脹蛭石類(lei)(lei)，耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)，使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)范圍(wei)(wei)-40℃-800℃，強度(du)(du)(du)大(da)，價格低(di)廉，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方便，吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)比(bi)較大(da)，要注意防(fang)(fang)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)。泡(pao)沫(mo)(mo)玻(bo)璃(li)，優(you)良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)保(bao)(bao)冷材(cai)(cai)料(liao)，耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)，不(bu)燃，不(bu)吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)，熱(re)(re)膨脹系數極小，使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)范圍(wei)(wei)-200℃-400℃之間；聚(ju)(ju)苯乙(yi)烯泡(pao)沫(mo)(mo)，耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)到-150℃，吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)差但是比(bi)聚(ju)(ju)氨酯泡(pao)沫(mo)(mo)好，使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)為-150℃-70℃，聚(ju)(ju)苯乙(yi)烯泡(pao)沫(mo)(mo)塑(su)料(liao)有(you)硬質(zhi)，軟質(zhi)及紙狀(zhuang)等(deng)幾(ji)種類(lei)(lei)型，硬質(zhi)聚(ju)(ju)苯乙(yi)烯泡(pao)沫(mo)(mo)塑(su)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點(dian)就是強度(du)(du)(du)大(da)，硬度(du)(du)(du)高(gao)(gao)，其強度(du)(du)(du)要比(bi)可發性(xing)泡(pao)沫(mo)(mo)塑(su)料(liao)高(gao)(gao)10倍以(yi)(yi)(yi)上；硬質(zhi)聚(ju)(ju)氨酯泡(pao)沫(mo)(mo)，吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)差但是與金屬(shu)粘結力好，易(yi)于(yu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)現場發泡(pao)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)取代聚(ju)(ju)苯乙(yi)烯，可用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)100℃以(yi)(yi)(yi)下的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)油(you)罐(guan)，管(guan)道(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)保(bao)(bao)冷，價格較高(gao)(gao)，防(fang)(fang)火性(xing)能(neng)(neng)差，使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)范圍(wei)(wei)-100℃-100℃；酚醛泡(pao)沫(mo)(mo)塑(su)料(liao)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)在(zai)低(di)溫(wen)(wen)下長(chang)期使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，可以(yi)(yi)(yi)長(chang)期暴露在(zai)陽(yang)光下不(bu)開裂，耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)腐(fu)蝕(shi)，不(bu)易(yi)燃燒，離火自(zi)熄(xi)，吸(xi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)性(xing)大(da)，強度(du)(du)(du)和(he)耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)溫(wen)(wen)性(xing)不(bu)理(li)想，使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)-150℃-130℃，廣(guang)(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)，車輛，船(chuan)舶等(deng)領(ling)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)保(bao)(bao)冷；泡(pao)沫(mo)(mo)橡(xiang)塑(su)，抗臭(chou)氧，抗紫外線(xian)，柔軟，容(rong)(rong)易(yi)安裝(zhuang)，無(wu)需防(fang)(fang)潮，使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)-40℃-110℃，防(fang)(fang)火性(xing)能(neng)(neng)分為B1和(he)B2級(ji)，在(zai)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)，石油(you)化(hua)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，食品加工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，空調管(guan)路大(da)量應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)；氣(qi)凝膠(jiao)絕(jue)熱(re)(re)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)，氣(qi)凝膠(jiao)導熱(re)(re)系數只有(you)0.013-0.018W/m.K,被稱為“最輕(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)固體(ti)”，密(mi)度(du)(du)(du)僅為空氣(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)2.75倍，比(bi)表(biao)(biao)面(mian)積高(gao)(gao)達(da)800-1000㎡/g，具有(you)優(you)良(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)熱(re)(re)，隔(ge)(ge)音，吸(xi)附(fu)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)，健(jian)康環保(bao)(bao)，例如前蘇(su)聯(lian)宇(yu)航員使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)宇(yu)航服就是采(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)18㎜厚氣(qi)凝膠(jiao)制(zhi)作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，耐(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)(nai)溫(wen)(wen)范圍(wei)(wei)-130℃-1400℃。納米氣(qi)凝膠(jiao)保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)氈是目(mu)前已知導熱(re)(re)系數最低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)隔(ge)(ge)熱(re)(re)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)，它是把二(er)氧化(hua)硅氣(qi)凝膠(jiao)復(fu)合(he)于(yu)纖維中，具有(you)柔軟，易(yi)裁(cai)剪，無(wu)機防(fang)(fang)火，整(zheng)體(ti)疏水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)等(deng)特性(xing)，主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業管(guan)道(dao)(dao)，儲罐(guan)，爐體(ti)，電廠等(deng)可拆卸式保(bao)(bao)溫(wen)(wen)套(tao)，在(zai)稠油(you)開采(cai)(cai)，交通運輸，家用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電器，鋼鐵，有(you)色金屬(shu)，玻(bo)璃(li)等(deng)領(ling)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕(jue)熱(re)(re)項目(mu)中廣(guang)(guang)泛應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)。氣(qi)凝膠(jiao)絕(jue)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)隔(ge)(ge)熱(re)(re)效果比(bi)傳統(tong)隔(ge)(ge)熱(re)(re)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)優(you)越 2-8 倍，而且(qie)壽命(ming)更(geng)(geng)長(chang)，厚度(du)(du)(du)僅為傳統(tong)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)幾(ji)分之一；40 納米的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)孔徑可有(you)效防(fang)(fang)止水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)分進入(ru)氈體(ti)內部。防(fang)(fang)火性(xing)能(neng)(neng)達(da)到 A1 等(deng)級(ji)；施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)操作簡易(yi)，質(zhi)輕(qing)，容(rong)(rong)易(yi)裁(cai)剪、縫(feng)制(zhi)以(yi)(yi)(yi)適應(ying)復(fu)雜(za)、彎曲及其他特殊形狀(zhuang)及表(biao)(biao)面(mian)，安裝(zhuang)所需時(shi)間及人力更(geng)(geng)少(shao)，節省運輸費用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，更(geng)(geng)少(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)包裝(zhuang)體(ti)積及更(geng)(geng)輕(qing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)量大(da)大(da)降低(di)了物流成(cheng)本(ben)。

絕(jue)(jue)熱(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵(jian)除(chu)了材(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇，還必須進行有效(xiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)正確的(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)。雖然絕(jue)(jue)熱(re)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)不太(tai)復雜(za)；但是直接影(ying)響(xiang)著(zhu)絕(jue)(jue)熱(re)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)果和(he)(he)能源的(de)(de)(de)(de)損失(shi)控制，對(dui)于厲行節(jie)約，減排降碳具有積極的(de)(de)(de)(de)意義。絕(jue)(jue)熱(re)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)通(tong)常(chang)分為被保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)結(jie)構表面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)腐(fu)，絕(jue)(jue)熱(re)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)裝(zhuang)和(he)(he)防(fang)潮(chao)(chao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)及保(bao)(bao)(bao)護層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)裝(zhuang)。在相關設備及管道絕(jue)(jue)熱(re)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)規(gui)范中，保(bao)(bao)(bao)冷層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)有防(fang)潮(chao)(chao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)而保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)沒有防(fang)潮(chao)(chao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，筆者認為這種規(gui)定(ding)不符合實際操作(zuo)和(he)(he)使用要求，建議(yi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)也需要安(an)裝(zhuang)防(fang)潮(chao)(chao)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。因為有的(de)(de)(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)也具有很高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸水性(xing)，當停運(yun)或者間歇式運(yun)行，潮(chao)(chao)濕水汽或者雨水進入保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，造成保(bao)(bao)(bao)護層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)（如鍍鋅板和(he)(he)其他金(jin)屬板）腐(fu)蝕，也會對(dui)保(bao)(bao)(bao)溫(wen)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)產生不良(liang)影(ying)響(xiang)。根(gen)據絕(jue)(jue)熱(re)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)范要求和(he)(he)規(gui)定(ding)，筆者篩(shai)選了部分絕(jue)(jue)熱(re)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝，內容大致如下：
1. 絕熱設(she)備管道(dao)及其附件必須(xu)進(jin)行表(biao)面處理，要求符(fu)合GB8923標(biao)準中的Sa2.5級或(huo)者St3級，根據溫(wen)度選擇耐高溫(wen)，耐低(di)溫(wen)防腐底漆，而(er)且與絕熱材料及基層粘結(jie)力力好，也不發生化學(xue)作用。通(tong)常底漆涂(tu)刷不得少于2道(dao)。
2. 絕熱層(ceng)安裝，采用(yong)一種絕熱材(cai)料，保溫層(ceng)厚度>100㎜，保冷層(ceng)厚度>80㎜時(shi)，應分為二(er)層(ceng)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)多(duo)層(ceng)施(shi)工(gong)；采(cai)用(yong)二(er)種或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)多(duo)種絕熱(re)材(cai)料復合結構可以根據(ju)設(she)計要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)施(shi)工(gong)。預制塊(kuai)保(bao)(bao)溫，每(mei)20m留(liu)一條膨脹縫(feng)，填充(chong)玻(bo)璃棉(mian)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)礦渣散料。立(li)式管(guan)道(dao)(dao)和設(she)備(bei)(bei)每(mei)3-5m設(she)置承重托板，托板下留(liu)膨脹間隙(xi)填充(chong)玻(bo)璃棉(mian)或(huo)(huo)礦渣棉(mian)。雙層(ceng)結構，內外層(ceng)絕熱(re)材(cai)料接縫(feng)必須(xu)錯(cuo)開，同(tong)層(ceng)錯(cuo)縫(feng)，上下層(ceng)壓(ya)縫(feng)，搭接距(ju)離不小于(yu)50㎜，拼縫(feng)不大(da)于(yu)5㎜，縫(feng)隙(xi)必須(xu)用(yong)絕熱(re)膠(jiao)泥填實(shi)勾滿，捆扎鐵絲或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)鋼帶接頭塞入縫(feng)隙(xi)中。保(bao)(bao)溫施(shi)工(gong)時(shi)為防(fang)止(zhi)局部過熱(re)，主管(guan)和伴熱(re)管(guan)之(zhi)間要(yao)(yao)設(she)置石(shi)棉(mian)塊(kuai)，管(guan)道(dao)(dao)或(huo)(huo)者(zhe)(zhe)設(she)備(bei)(bei)上的裙座，支(zhi)座，吊(diao)耳等附(fu)件，當無設(she)計要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)時(shi)可不必保(bao)(bao)溫。發泡聚氨酯噴涂施(shi)工(gong)時(shi)，應分層(ceng)施(shi)工(gong)，一次性(xing)完成(cheng)。第(di)一次噴涂厚度不大(da)于(yu)40㎜，保(bao)(bao)冷(leng)層(ceng)拼縫(feng)不大(da)于(yu)2㎜，設(she)備(bei)(bei)，管(guan)道(dao)(dao)上的裙座，支(zhi)座，吊(diao)耳等附(fu)件必須(xu)進行(xing)保(bao)(bao)冷(leng)施(shi)工(gong)，其長度不得小于(yu)保(bao)(bao)冷(leng)層(ceng)厚度的4倍，敷設(she)至(zhi)墊木處(chu)。
3. 防潮(chao)層(ceng)(ceng)及(ji)保(bao)護層(ceng)(ceng)安裝，是為了更好的(de)發揮絕(jue)熱(re)(re)材(cai)料的(de)作用，可以防止(zhi)雨水(shui)進(jin)入(ru)，避免絕(jue)熱(re)(re)材(cai)料吸水(shui)后(hou)性能變劣，延長絕(jue)熱(re)(re)材(cai)料使(shi)用壽命，并使(shi)絕(jue)熱(re)(re)結構(gou)外(wai)觀整(zheng)齊美觀。防潮(chao)層(ceng)(ceng)涉及(ji)到(dao)保(bao)冷(leng)(leng)施工，保(bao)溫(wen)應用規(gui)范中(zhong)沒有說明，考慮到(dao)空(kong)氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)水(shui)分或者雨水(shui)進(jin)入(ru)保(bao)冷(leng)(leng)層(ceng)(ceng)后(hou)會結露甚(shen)至結冰，破(po)壞(huai)(huai)保(bao)冷(leng)(leng)結構(gou)，而被破(po)壞(huai)(huai)的(de)保(bao)冷(leng)(leng)結構(gou)又導(dao)致更多的(de)濕(shi)空(kong)氣(qi)進(jin)入(ru)，如此惡性循環將嚴(yan)重(zhong)損壞(huai)(huai)保(bao)冷(leng)(leng)效果，因此保(bao)冷(leng)(leng)層(ceng)(ceng)必須設(she)置防潮(chao)層(ceng)(ceng)。防潮(chao)層(ceng)(ceng)以瀝青(qing)膠粘貼玻纖布為主(zhu)，厚(hou)度3㎜，玻(bo)(bo)(bo)纖(xian)布(bu)(bu)(bu)采用(yong)0.1-0.2㎜中堿(jian)平紋布(bu)(bu)(bu)，施工時，玻(bo)(bo)(bo)纖(xian)布(bu)(bu)(bu)必須被瀝青膠(jiao)浸(jin)透，不得露(lu)白，不得鼓(gu)泡起皺，平整均(jun)勻，縱(zong)環向(xiang)搭接(jie)縫(feng)(feng)不小(xiao)于50㎜。臥式設備及水平管(guan)(guan)道(dao)的縱(zong)向(xiang)接(jie)縫(feng)(feng)應在兩側，縫(feng)(feng)口朝下，立(li)式設備和垂直(zhi)管(guan)(guan)道(dao)的環向(xiang)接(jie)縫(feng)(feng)上搭下，其它防潮涂(tu)料如CPU（聚氨酯(zhi)）按照(zhao)產品組分配比攪拌均(jun)勻與(yu)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)纖(xian)布(bu)(bu)(bu)做(zuo)成(cheng)玻(bo)(bo)(bo)璃鋼，方(fang)法(fa)與(yu)瀝青膠(jiao)鋪貼玻(bo)(bo)(bo)纖(xian)布(bu)(bu)(bu)相同。
保護層(ceng)是絕(jue)(jue)熱結構的(de)重要(yao)組成部(bu)分，在絕(jue)(jue)熱層(ceng)最外層(ceng)，對(dui)絕(jue)(jue)熱層(ceng)起遮風(feng)避雨，防(fang)水隔潮，防(fang)止(zhi)外來(lai)碰(peng)撞的(de)作用，材料有(you)抹面，玻(bo)璃鋼，復合材料，金(jin)屬(shu)護殼(ke)(ke)等(deng)。保護層(ceng)使用最普(pu)(pu)遍，最廣泛(fan)的(de)就是金(jin)屬(shu)護殼(ke)(ke)，通(tong)常有(you)鍍鋅板(ban)(ban)，鋁板(ban)(ban)，采用普(pu)(pu)通(tong)薄(bo)鋼板(ban)(ban)時需(xu)要(yao)里外防(fang)腐。實際施(shi)工(gong)中，使用最普(pu)(pu)遍的(de)金(jin)屬(shu)薄(bo)板(ban)(ban)厚度0.3-0.5㎜鍍(du)鋅鐵皮(pi)，0.5-0.75㎜的(de)鋁合(he)金(jin)(jin)皮(pi)，其中平(ping)(ping)板(ban)和卷制(zhi)板(ban)表面平(ping)(ping)整，適合(he)作管(guan)道(dao)，設備以及其他需(xu)(xu)要(yao)進(jin)行咬邊(bian)接(jie)(jie)口(kou)或者彎(wan)制(zhi)加工的(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)護(hu)殼(ke)；波形(xing)(xing)板(ban)，梯形(xing)(xing)板(ban)剛性較(jiao)好，可以做鍋爐墻(qiang)及大(da)(da)(da)型平(ping)(ping)壁絕熱(re)層(ceng)的(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)護(hu)殼(ke)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)些大(da)(da)(da)型儲(chu)罐絕熱(re)使用(yong)也較(jiao)常見。直管(guan)段金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)護(hu)殼(ke)外圍周長(chang)應大(da)(da)(da)于(yu)絕熱(re)層(ceng)外圍周長(chang)30-50㎜，作為接(jie)(jie)縫余量，其環向搭(da)接(jie)(jie)一(yi)(yi)(yi)端應壓(ya)(ya)出凸筋，較(jiao)大(da)(da)(da)直徑(jing)管(guan)道(dao)的(de)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)護(hu)殼(ke)縱向搭(da)接(jie)(jie)也需(xu)(xu)要(yao)壓(ya)(ya)出凸筋，下料(liao)(liao)最大(da)(da)(da)長(chang)度不超過1000㎜，設備封頭(tou)絕熱(re)層(ceng)護(hu)殼(ke)按(an)照形(xing)(xing)狀大(da)(da)(da)小(xiao)進(jin)行分塊下料(liao)(liao)，所(suo)謂的(de)“西瓜(gua)皮(pi)”“花瓣”，形(xing)(xing)狀，一(yi)(yi)(yi)邊(bian)壓(ya)(ya)筋一(yi)(yi)(yi)邊(bian)直邊(bian)。彎(wan)頭(tou)“蝦米節(jie)”，三(san)通(tong)及“天方地圓(yuan)”可按(an)照鈑金(jin)(jin)平(ping)(ping)行線(xian)法放(fang)大(da)(da)(da)樣或展開計算下料(liao)(liao)。金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)護(hu)殼(ke)保護(hu)層(ceng)安裝(zhuang)時(shi)，一(yi)(yi)(yi)定要(yao)緊貼保溫層(ceng)外面，把兩(liang)邊(bian)接(jie)(jie)縫搭(da)接(jie)(jie)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)起，用(yong)電鉆(zhan)(zhan)鉆(zhan)(zhan)孔，抽芯拉(la)鉚釘(ding)固定 拉(la)鉚釘(ding)間(jian)距為200㎜，每條縫不得少于(yu)4個，鉆(zhan)(zhan)頭(tou)直徑(jing)Φ5.1㎜，也有認為鉆頭直(zhi)徑(jing)為固定(ding)(ding)件直(zhi)徑(jing)的0.8倍，實際上(shang)(shang)這(zhe)一說(shuo)法(fa)僅僅適(shi)用于自攻螺絲(si)，以試鉆后鉚(liu)釘(ding)剛可擠入，自攻螺絲(si)不松動為合適(shi)，禁止使(shi)用沖孔(kong)或其(qi)他方式打孔(kong)。接(jie)(jie)縫(feng)(feng)應(ying)嚴密，平(ping)整，并(bing)處于隱蔽(bi)位置。安裝金屬護殼接(jie)(jie)縫(feng)(feng)水平(ping)管(guan)道(dao)應(ying)順(shun)(shun)管(guan)道(dao)坡向(xiang)，環(huan)向(xiang)搭口(kou)向(xiang)低(di)處，縱(zong)向(xiang)接(jie)(jie)縫(feng)(feng)應(ying)在水平(ping)中心線下方15°-45°，縫(feng)(feng)口(kou)朝下，垂直(zhi)管(guan)道(dao)金屬護殼由下而上(shang)(shang)施工，成順(shun)(shun)水接(jie)(jie)縫(feng)(feng)；立式設備(bei)與垂直(zhi)管(guan)道(dao)或者斜度大于45°的斜立管(guan)道(dao)上(shang)(shang)的金屬護殼，應(ying)分(fen)段(duan)將其(qi)固定(ding)(ding)在支(zhi)承件上(shang)(shang)。
絕熱(re)層的安裝施工(gong)(gong)必須按(an)照設計(ji)要求進行(xing)，符(fu)合現(xian)行(xing)國家標準《工(gong)(gong)業(ye)設備及管道絕熱(re)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)規范》GB 50126-2008要(yao)求，質量驗收依照國家(jia)標準GB 50185-2010《工(gong)業設備及管道絕(jue)(jue)熱(re)(re)工(gong)程施(shi)工(gong)質量驗收規范》執行。絕(jue)(jue)熱(re)(re)成品(pin)質量控制(zhi)(zhi)實(shi)行“三(san)控制(zhi)(zhi)”，即(ji)施(shi)工(gong)前材(cai)料(liao)控制(zhi)(zhi)，施(shi)工(gong)中工(gong)藝控制(zhi)(zhi)，施(shi)工(gong)后維護控制(zhi)(zhi)。只有將材(cai)料(liao)，施(shi)工(gong)及后期運行維護綜(zong)合起來(lai)，絕(jue)(jue)熱(re)(re)效(xiao)果才(cai)能(neng)發揮(hui)最大(da)的效(xiao)果，才(cai)能(neng)最大(da)限度的節約(yue)能(neng)源，降低經(jing)濟成本，真正實(shi)現(xian)減排降碳環保目的。

防腐蝕與(yu)絕熱相互(hu)關聯，很難(nan)獨(du)立(li)分(fen)開，以(yi)前被忽視(shi)的絕熱層下的防腐，即CUI也(ye)(ye)越來越被(bei)防(fang)(fang)腐界重視。因此作為(wei)一位防(fang)(fang)腐蝕工程師必須要弄懂絕(jue)(jue)熱原理和材(cai)料性能(neng)及施工技術(shu)，不(bu)能(neng)將絕(jue)(jue)熱概念俗稱為(wei)“保溫(wen)(wen)”，這是(shi)不(bu)科學欠嚴肅的態度。保溫(wen)(wen)保冷(leng)統(tong)稱絕(jue)(jue)熱，它們之間既有聯系也(ye)(ye)有區別，而且結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)方面也(ye)(ye)是(shi)不(bu)一樣的，例如保溫(wen)(wen)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)為(wei)：保溫(wen)(wen)層(ceng)+保護層(ceng)；而保冷(leng)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)為(wei)：保冷(leng)層(ceng)+防(fang)(fang)潮層(ceng)+保護層(ceng)。雖然這種結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)在相關規范中存在一定的不(bu)完美；但是(shi)也(ye)(ye)充(chong)分(fen)說明(ming)保溫(wen)(wen)保冷(leng)的區別，也(ye)(ye)否定了將絕(jue)(jue)熱俗稱為(wei)“保溫(wen)(wen)”的錯誤概念。

筆者曾經和防腐(fu)施工(gong)技術人員在(zai)一起(qi)交(jiao)流時說起(qi)過一個笑話(hua)，許多(duo)防腐(fu)人員將防銹說成防腐(fu)，甚至宣傳口號都是(shi)“讓世界永不(bu)(bu)(bu)生銹”，豈不(bu)(bu)(bu)知除了金(jin)屬(shu)生銹還有其他非(fei)金(jin)屬(shu)的(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)，防銹只是防腐(fu)(fu)(fu)內容之一(yi)(yi)，宣(xuan)傳口號應改為(wei)“讓世界永不(bu)(bu)(bu)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)”。由(you)此筆者認為(wei)將絕熱說成(cheng)保溫與防腐(fu)(fu)(fu)說成(cheng)防銹，是一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)低級(ji)的(de)(de)(de)約定俗(su)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)概念性錯誤(wu)。這(zhe)種(zhong)不(bu)(bu)(bu)科學的(de)(de)(de)定義(yi)和(he)說法(fa)必須糾正，也(ye)是筆者寫作本文的(de)(de)(de)最終目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)。