一文看懂金屬材料試驗
2022-04-24 07:16:10
hualin
材料(liao)(liao)試(shi)驗(yan)指的是(shi)對材料(liao)(liao)的質量及(ji)其(qi)在不同條件下的各種性能(neng)的檢測和評定，有時(shi)僅(jin)指材料(liao)(liao)機械性能(neng)試(shi)驗(yan)。材料(liao)(liao)試(shi)驗(yan)對工業生產和材料(liao)(liao)的基礎研究具有十分重(zhong)要的意義。下面(mian)我(wo)們就(jiu)一起來看看金屬(shu)材料(liao)(liao)試(shi)驗(yan)及(ji)其(qi)國家標準吧(ba)：
一、試驗種類
材料試驗(yan)的種類繁(fan)多，現代常(chang)用的有(you)機械、物理、化學、腐蝕、磨損試驗(yan)和無損檢(jian)測以及工藝性能試驗(yan)等。
二、試驗方式
材(cai)料(liao)的(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)方式有試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室臺(tai)(tai)架試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)、現(xian)(xian)場掛(gua)片試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)和實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物運(yun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。 ① 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)：分為不對實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際工況(kuang)條(tiao)件(jian)作特(te)殊模(mo)擬的(de)常規(gui)(gui)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)；模(mo)擬實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際工況(kuang)中的(de)主要條(tiao)件(jian)（如溫度、介質、載荷譜等）的(de)模(mo)擬試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)；強(qiang)化某些工況(kuang)條(tiao)件(jian)的(de)快速(su)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。 ② 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室臺(tai)(tai)架試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)：將(jiang)材(cai)料(liao)制成實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際零件(jian)或模(mo)型，在(zai)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室內模(mo)擬一定的(de)工況(kuang)條(tiao)件(jian)進(jin)行(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。 ③ 現(xian)(xian)場掛(gua)片試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)：將(jiang)材(cai)料(liao)制成一定規(gui)(gui)格的(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣，直接放在(zai)現(xian)(xian)場上進(jin)行(xing)考(kao)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。這種(zhong)方式在(zai)腐(fu)蝕試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)中應用較多。 ④ 實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物運(yun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)：將(jiang)材(cai)料(liao)制成零部件(jian)，裝(zhuang)在(zai)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際機(ji)器上進(jin)行(xing)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物運(yun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)。嚴(yan)格說來(lai)，臺(tai)(tai)架試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)和實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)物運(yun)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)因包含(han)了結(jie)構(gou)和環境等因素(su)，已不屬單(dan)純的(de)材(cai)料(liao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。但(dan)它們(men)更能(neng)反映材(cai)料(liao)的(de)使用效果，因而日益受到(dao)重(zhong)視。
三(san)、試驗程(cheng)序
試程序隨試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)目的、試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)種(zhong)類和(he)(he)(he)(he)材料(liao)種(zhong)類的不(bu)同而異。通常包(bao)括以下幾個(ge)主要步驟。 ① 試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方式的確定(ding)：選擇試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方式時(shi)應考慮各種(zhong)方式的特(te)點，尤其是準確度(du)、精確度(du)、靈敏度(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)測試(shi)(shi)速度(du)等。 ② 抽(chou)樣：抽(chou)取(qu)試(shi)(shi)樣時(shi)應注(zhu)意待檢物的均勻性、樣品的代表性和(he)(he)(he)(he)適宜的數量(liang)等。 ③ 試(shi)(shi)樣制備(bei)：須(xu)注(zhu)意取(qu)樣部位、取(qu)樣方向、試(shi)(shi)樣的尺寸和(he)(he)(he)(he)形(xing)狀等，并避免制樣時(shi)產生缺陷和(he)(he)(he)(he)污染。 ④ 試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)裝置的校(xiao)準：試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)裝置須(xu)定(ding)期校(xiao)準，如(ru)誤差超(chao)過一定(ding)范圍，必須(xu)加以檢修。 ⑤ 試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)：通常按標準所規定(ding)的步驟進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)。帶有探索和(he)(he)(he)(he)研究(jiu)性的試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)應視具體情況進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)。 ⑥ 試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)結果的計算(suan)、分(fen)析和(he)(he)(he)(he)詮釋(shi)：對試(shi)(shi)驗(yan)結果進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)適當的數學(xue)和(he)(he)(he)(he)圖解等處理，最(zui)后進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)分(fen)析和(he)(he)(he)(he)詮釋(shi)。