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沿海變電站設備腐蝕狀況及其腐蝕機理與防護

2021-11-02 06:19:06 changyuan

變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是聯結發電(dian)(dian)廠和(he)電(dian)(dian)力用戶之間的(de)關鍵節點,在變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)換電(dian)(dian)壓和(he)分(fen)(fen)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)能方(fang)面發揮著不(bu)可或缺的(de)重要(yao)作用。沿海(hai)地(di)(di)區屬于(yu)典型的(de)高溫、高濕和(he)高鹽霧大氣(qi)環境(jing),而且工業企業分(fen)(fen)布密集,環境(jing)污染嚴(yan)重,導致沿海(hai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)存(cun)在不(bu)同(tong)程度(du)的(de)大氣(qi)腐(fu)蝕問題,影響電(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)運行[1-4]。因此(ci),充分(fen)(fen)認識沿海(hai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)主要(yao)設備的(de)腐(fu)蝕狀況(kuang)、腐(fu)蝕機理、現有(you)(you)防腐(fu)措(cuo)施及(ji)(ji)其有(you)(you)效性,對于(yu)進一步有(you)(you)針對性地(di)(di)采(cai)取有(you)(you)效的(de)防腐(fu)措(cuo)施,提(ti)(ti)高變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)設備的(de)使用壽(shou)命和(he)安(an)全(quan)(quan)性十分(fen)(fen)重要(yao)。本文(wen)基于(yu)國網(wang)(wang)福(fu)建(jian)省電(dian)(dian)力有(you)(you)限公司所(suo)屬各(ge)運維單(dan)位及(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)力科學(xue)研(yan)究(jiu)院的(de)現場勘查(cha)記錄、分(fen)(fen)析結果,結合(he)文(wen)獻報道,對沿海(hai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)主要(yao)設備的(de)腐(fu)蝕狀況(kuang)、腐(fu)蝕機理及(ji)(ji)防腐(fu)措(cuo)施進行了(le)調查(cha)研(yan)究(jiu),并提(ti)(ti)出(chu)了(le)相應的(de)防腐(fu)措(cuo)施建(jian)議。


1 沿海(hai)變電站主要設備腐蝕(shi)狀況


金屬構件(jian)被大量應用(yong)于變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan),主要涉及(ji)(ji)鋼 (主要為碳鋼、鍍鋅鋼和不銹鋼)、Al和鋁合(he)金以及(ji)(ji)銅等(deng)材(cai)質。我國(guo)東(dong)南(nan)沿(yan)海區(qu)域的(de)平(ping)均氣(qi)溫常年在(zai)20 ℃以上(shang),濕度高于70%,且工(gong)業(ye)發(fa)達。在(zai)海水蒸發(fa)與工(gong)業(ye)活動的(de)雙重(zhong)影響下(xia),空(kong)氣(qi)中的(de)鹽(yan)分較(jiao)高,大氣(qi)腐蝕(shi)性較(jiao)內陸(lu)地區(qu)明顯增強,給變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)金屬設(she)備(bei)帶來了嚴重(zhong)的(de)腐蝕(shi)問題。經調研多個沿(yan)海變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)后發(fa)現(xian),幾(ji)乎所有裸金屬、導(dao)體材(cai)料、觸(chu)頭(tou)材(cai)料及(ji)(ji)防護(hu)材(cai)料都存(cun)在(zai)嚴重(zhong)的(de)腐蝕(shi)與失效問題,涉及(ji)(ji)到變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)多個部位及(ji)(ji)部件(jian),特(te)別是集(ji)中在(zai)戶外(wai)氣(qi)體絕(jue)緣組合(he)電(dian)(dian)器、絕(jue)緣子、金屬構架以及(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)設(she)備(bei)的(de)外(wai)殼、戶外(wai)端子箱等(deng)[5,6],嚴重(zhong)威脅到變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)安全(quan)運行。以下(xia)對沿(yan)海變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)主要設(she)備(bei)的(de)腐蝕(shi)狀況進行介紹。


1.1 戶外GIS腐蝕(shi)


沿海地(di)區變電站戶(hu)外(wai)GIS (Gas-insulated sunstation)銹(xiu)蝕(shi)嚴重(zhong),已嚴重(zhong)威脅(xie)到GIS、斷路器(qi)等充氣壓力容器(qi)設備的(de)(de)(de)安全(quan)運行。通過(guo)對(dui)福建省(sheng)戶(hu)外(wai)GIS的(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)情況調研發(fa)(fa)現,涉及(ji)戶(hu)外(wai)GIS腐(fu)蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)有122座(zuo),主(zhu)要表現為殼體腐(fu)蝕(shi)68座(zuo),法蘭(lan)面腐(fu)蝕(shi)31座(zuo),傳動(dong)(dong)連桿銹(xiu)蝕(shi)23座(zuo)。例如,僅在(zai)泉州和漳(zhang)州地(di)區由于腐(fu)蝕(shi)問(wen)(wen)題造成的(de)(de)(de)SF6泄露(lu)已超過(guo)50起,最嚴重(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)某220 kV GIS每20 h就要補氣1次,才(cai)能勉強維持運行。甚至發(fa)(fa)生220 kV主(zhu)變因SF6連接管漏(lou)氣造成差動(dong)(dong)保護動(dong)(dong)作跳(tiao)閘等問(wen)(wen)題。


1.1.1 殼體腐蝕


戶(hu)外GIS的(de)殼體(ti)材質(zhi)多(duo)為不銹(xiu)鋼、鑄鋁(lv)(lv)等金屬材料。在(zai)沿海腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)性大(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)環境中,其腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)問題(ti)非(fei)常嚴重。特別(bie)是鋁(lv)(lv)質(zhi)設備,受大(da)(da)氣(qi)(qi)中高濃度Cl-的(de)影響(xiang),造成點蝕(shi)(shi)(shi),甚至(zhi)是穿孔、剝層(ceng)等,大(da)(da)幅(fu)度增大(da)(da)了鋁(lv)(lv)材的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)速率(lv),使用壽(shou)命急劇下降。圖1為GIS鋁(lv)(lv)質(zhi)蓋(gai)帽(mao)、SF6斷路器鑄鋁(lv)(lv)三角箱、SF6電(dian)流互感(gan)器鋁(lv)(lv)質(zhi)壓力釋放膜(mo)管和(he)密度繼電(dian)器接頭座的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)情況。此外,不銹(xiu)鋼母線管也發生(sheng)銹(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi),造成刀閘(zha)、開關、電(dian)流互感(gan)器等多(duo)個氣(qi)(qi)室發生(sheng)漏氣(qi)(qi)現象。

6FC5D677-637A-46e6-876F-68410A40BDF5-F001.png

圖1  沿海工業環境GIS等設(she)備腐蝕形貌


1.1.2 法蘭面腐蝕


變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)互感(gan)器(qi)(qi) (CT) 承擔(dan)著電(dian)(dian)流(liu)變換和(he)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)隔(ge)離作用(yong)(yong),用(yong)(yong)于測(ce)量(liang)和(he)繼電(dian)(dian)保護(hu),并將二次系(xi)統與大電(dian)(dian)流(liu)和(he)高電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)隔(ge)離開(kai),從而保護(hu)人身(shen)和(he)設備的安全[6]。因此(ci),電(dian)(dian)流(liu)互感(gan)器(qi)(qi)能(neng)否(fou)正常運(yun)行(xing)對變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)輸變電(dian)(dian)功(gong)能(neng)的安全穩定運(yun)行(xing)具(ju)有至關重(zhong)要(yao)的作用(yong)(yong)。調研多座沿海地(di)區的變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)發(fa)現,電(dian)(dian)流(liu)互感(gan)器(qi)(qi)壓(ya)力釋(shi)放膜的鋁合(he)金法蘭(lan)(lan)是最(zui)容(rong)易發(fa)生(sheng)腐蝕(shi)的部位(wei)。如(ru)某220 kV變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)間隔(ge)的一組(zu)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)互感(gan)器(qi)(qi)B、C相一次導電(dian)(dian)桿(gan)P1側法蘭(lan)(lan)出現了明顯(xian)的開(kai)裂(lie)。2014年9月,某沿海220 kV變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)的GIS鋁合(he)金殼(ke)體(ti)法蘭(lan)(lan)發(fa)生(sheng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)腐蝕(shi)。試驗人員通過(guo)X射線光譜儀、漆膜測(ce)厚儀及(ji)垢樣(yang)能(neng)譜分析等手(shou)段(duan),與相應的環(huan)境(jing)監測(ce)數據相結合(he),從多角度分析了GIS鋁合(he)金殼(ke)體(ti)法蘭(lan)(lan)構件(jian)嚴(yan)重(zhong)腐蝕(shi)的原(yuan)(yuan)因,最(zui)終認(ren)為沿海大氣(qi)環(huan)境(jing)是造成(cheng)其(qi)銹蝕(shi)的主要(yao)原(yuan)(yuan)因。


1.1.3 接(jie)線板及動靜(jing)觸頭腐蝕


變電站(zhan)設(she)備接線(xian)板主(zhu)要使(shi)(shi)(shi)用導電鋁或者鋁鍍(du)(du)銀(yin)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao),而隔離開(kai)關動(dong)靜觸頭則主(zhu)要使(shi)(shi)(shi)用銅基(ji)或其他基(ji)體(ti)的(de)(de)鍍(du)(du)銀(yin)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)。這些材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)基(ji)本上能(neng)滿(man)足內(nei)陸地區低腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)環境(jing)下(xia)的(de)(de)服役(yi)要求,但在高溫(wen)、高濕(shi)、高鹽分(fen)的(de)(de)沿(yan)海工業(ye)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)大(da)(da)氣環境(jing)下(xia),很(hen)容易(yi)出(chu)現鋁材(cai)(cai)(cai)穿孔、剝層等腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)問題,增大(da)(da)鋁材(cai)(cai)(cai)的(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)速(su)率,導致使(shi)(shi)(shi)用壽命急劇下(xia)降。2011年(nian)11月13日,專(zhuan)業(ye)人員對(dui)某(mou)500 kV變電站(zhan)線(xian)路間(jian)隔進行小修(xiu)預(yu)試,在對(dui)刀閘(zha)進行檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)時發現刀閘(zha)A、C相(xiang)導流板腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong),其中(zhong)C相(xiang)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)尤(you)為嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)。現場(chang)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)發現,C相(xiang)導流板上下(xia)面及側面均(jun)有嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)層厚度最大(da)(da)達3 mm左右(you),手捏后成(cheng)粉(fen)末狀。2012年(nian)9月4日,在對(dui)某(mou)220 kV變電站(zhan)的(de)(de)母線(xian)PT單元例行檢(jian)(jian)修(xiu)過程(cheng)中(zhong),發現某(mou)剪刀式刀閘(zha)兩側的(de)(de)鋁接線(xian)板被(bei)嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),出(chu)現分(fen)層脫落現象。對(dui)于鍍(du)(du)銀(yin)觸頭,高濃度的(de)(de)Cl-以(yi)及工業(ye)大(da)(da)氣環境(jing)中(zhong)較高濃度的(de)(de)SO2會造成(cheng)鍍(du)(du)銀(yin)觸頭的(de)(de)硫化,加快其腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)失效。


1.2 絕緣子腐蝕(shi)


在鹽霧(wu)和高(gao)溫(wen)(wen)環境下(xia)長期運行(xing)的絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)子(zi),其(qi)(qi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)形(xing)成的積垢(gou)層在電(dian)(dian)場的作用(yong)下(xia)會發生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)離(li),形(xing)成導(dao)電(dian)(dian)膜層,繼而(er)引發放電(dian)(dian),造成絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)子(zi)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)溫(wen)(wen)度分(fen)布(bu)不均和持續溫(wen)(wen)升,最終引起絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)子(zi)爆(bao)裂、導(dao)線單(dan)相接(jie)地等故障,嚴(yan)(yan)重影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)到(dao)電(dian)(dian)網的安全(quan)運行(xing)[2]。絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)子(zi)在遭受(shou)腐蝕(shi)(shi)后即使尚未達到(dao)爆(bao)裂的程度,但(dan)其(qi)(qi)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)能力也會顯(xian)著下(xia)降(jiang),影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)和安全(quan)性能。例如,某220 kV變電(dian)(dian)站距(ju)離(li)海(hai)邊(bian)500 m,所處(chu)(chu)污穢(hui)等級為e級,附(fu)近有(you)大型化工廠,長期受(shou)海(hai)風、海(hai)水(shui)、化學物質(zhi)等影(ying)(ying)響(xiang),運行(xing)1 a多以后出現(xian)了銹蝕(shi)(shi)嚴(yan)(yan)重、漏氣頻(pin)繁等缺(que)陷,嚴(yan)(yan)重影(ying)(ying)響(xiang)設備的可靠運行(xing)。其(qi)(qi)中,絕(jue)(jue)緣(yuan)子(zi)法(fa)蘭面(mian)(mian)進水(shui)引起表(biao)面(mian)(mian)及密封件腐蝕(shi)(shi),導(dao)致氣體泄漏 (共發現(xian)6處(chu)(chu)),見圖2。

6FC5D677-637A-46e6-876F-68410A40BDF5-F002.png

圖2  絕緣(yuan)子法蘭面表面及密封件腐蝕


1.3 其他金屬(shu)構(gou)架及電氣(qi)設備外殼、戶外端子(zi)箱腐(fu)蝕


對沿海(hai)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)設備近年來的(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)狀況調研表明,鋼(gang)結構件、鋁質連(lian)接件與支架等腐(fu)蝕(shi)現(xian)象(xiang)均(jun)十分嚴(yan)重(zhong)。例如,某變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)投運(yun)僅13個月就出(chu)現(xian)嚴(yan)重(zhong)腐(fu)蝕(shi)問題(ti),包括普通碳鋼(gang)部(bu)件表面(mian)普遍出(chu)現(xian)的(de)(de)銹(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi) (圖3a),因銹(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)嚴(yan)重(zhong)發生(sheng)斷裂的(de)(de)彈簧(huang) (圖3b),不銹(xiu)(xiu)鋼(gang)和鋁合金部(bu)件表面(mian)的(de)(de)銹(xiu)(xiu)斑 (如圖3c、d) 等。GIS出(chu)線(xian)套(tao)(tao)管接頭也(ye)常(chang)發生(sheng)腐(fu)蝕(shi),瓷套(tao)(tao)外面(mian)的(de)(de)PRTV表面(mian)覆(fu)蓋了一層厚厚的(de)(de)鹽層沉積(ji)物,外絕緣受到破壞,造成(cheng)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)。SF6密(mi)度(du)繼(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)外殼(ke)受腐(fu)蝕(shi)影響風(feng)化起皮,造成(cheng)螺(luo)絲無法拆除。某接地刀閘機構箱二次航空插(cha)頭位于上部(bu),機構箱內部(bu)進(jin)水,導致彈簧(huang)等金屬件發生(sheng)嚴(yan)重(zhong)銹(xiu)(xiu)蝕(shi)。

6FC5D677-637A-46e6-876F-68410A40BDF5-F003.png

圖(tu)3  某(mou)變電(dian)站構件腐蝕


2 沿(yan)海變(bian)電站(zhan)金(jin)屬設備腐蝕機理(li)


除了施(shi)工工藝不規(gui)范導致的(de)金(jin)屬(shu)設備腐(fu)(fu)蝕失效之外,幾乎(hu)所有金(jin)屬(shu)構(gou)件(jian)的(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕都和(he)其與(yu)自然(ran)環境的(de)相互作用有關,是金(jin)屬(shu)基體(ti)表面與(yu)所處環境中的(de)介質發生化(hua)學或電化(hua)學作用的(de)結果(guo)。對于不同材(cai)質的(de)金(jin)屬(shu)構(gou)件(jian)來說,其腐(fu)(fu)蝕現(xian)象呈現(xian)出(chu)特有的(de)規(gui)律[7,8]。因此,深(shen)刻理解沿海地(di)區(qu)變電站中主(zhu)要種類金(jin)屬(shu)構(gou)件(jian)的(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕機理,對于加強相關設備的(de)防護(hu),提高電網的(de)安全穩定運行是十(shi)分必(bi)要的(de)。


2.1 鋼構件的腐蝕(shi)機理


鋼(gang)(gang)結(jie)構(gou)在(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力設施里(li)使(shi)用非(fei)常(chang)普(pu)遍,如(ru)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)(de)變壓器、輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)桿塔以及(ji)各種鋼(gang)(gang)構(gou)等。在(zai)我國東南(nan)沿(yan)海(hai)的(de)(de)(de)大(da)氣(qi)和(he)(he)工業(ye)(ye)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong),鋼(gang)(gang)結(jie)構(gou)長(chang)時間遭受晝夜溫差(cha)、季節溫差(cha)變化、鹽(yan)霧(wu)沉積以及(ji)風吹日曬(shai)等,銹(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)問題通常(chang)非(fei)常(chang)嚴重(zhong)。這(zhe)主要是(shi)由于沿(yan)海(hai)大(da)氣(qi)環(huan)境(jing)很容(rong)易滿(man)足鋼(gang)(gang)結(jie)構(gou)發生(sheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)銹(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)4個條件(jian)(jian),即陰極(ji)(ji)、陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)、金屬接觸以及(ji)氧氣(qi)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質[9,10]。在(zai)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji),Fe釋放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)形成(cheng)(cheng)Fe2+和(he)(he)OH-;在(zai)陰極(ji)(ji),水中(zhong)(zhong)溶解的(de)(de)(de)氧氣(qi)吸(xi)收(shou)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)OH-,使(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)從陽(yang)極(ji)(ji)向陰極(ji)(ji)不(bu)斷流(liu)動,形成(cheng)(cheng)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。也就(jiu)是(shi)說,鋼(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)表面(mian)會發生(sheng)2Fe+2H2O+O2=2Fe(OH)2反(fan)應,生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)Fe(OH)2薄膜,而其進一(yi)步與水和(he)(he)氧氣(qi)發生(sheng)4Fe(OH)2+2H2O+O2=4Fe(OH)3反(fan)應,造成(cheng)(cheng)鋼(gang)(gang)的(de)(de)(de)銹(xiu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)。一(yi)般情況下,不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)構(gou)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)較(jiao)輕微,普(pu)通碳鋼(gang)(gang)構(gou)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)則(ze)較(jiao)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)嚴重(zhong)。這(zhe)是(shi)因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)碳鋼(gang)(gang)中(zhong)(zhong)含(han)有(you)由鐵素體(ti)(ti)(ti)和(he)(he)滲碳體(ti)(ti)(ti)組成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)珠(zhu)光體(ti)(ti)(ti),其中(zhong)(zhong)鐵素體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)位比滲碳體(ti)(ti)(ti)低,因此當鋼(gang)(gang)件(jian)(jian)表面(mian)吸(xi)附(fu)了含(han)有(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解質的(de)(de)(de)水時,鐵素體(ti)(ti)(ti)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陽(yang)極(ji)(ji),滲碳體(ti)(ti)(ti)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)陰極(ji)(ji),二(er)者接觸后(hou)就(jiu)會形成(cheng)(cheng)許多(duo)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)微電(dian)(dian)(dian)池[11]。沿(yan)海(hai)工業(ye)(ye)區大(da)氣(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)由于含(han)有(you)高(gao)濃度的(de)(de)(de)鹽(yan)分、H2S和(he)(he)SO2等污染物,不(bu)僅會加(jia)速鋼(gang)(gang)結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)過(guo)程,還(huan)因為(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)這(zhe)些污染物在(zai)經過(guo)一(yi)系列的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)化學(xue)反(fan)應后(hou)又(you)重(zhong)新生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng),使(shi)底層的(de)(de)(de)金屬得以繼續腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi),因此對鋼(gang)(gang)構(gou)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)危害更大(da)[12]。


2.2 Al及鋁合(he)金構(gou)件的腐蝕機理


暴(bao)露于(yu)(yu)大(da)氣(qi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)Al和(he)鋁合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin),其表(biao)面會生(sheng)成(cheng)一層納(na)米級的(de)(de)(de)致密γ-Al2O3鈍化膜(mo),在(zai)有水(shui)或大(da)量水(shui)蒸氣(qi)存在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)情況下,該γ-Al2O3膜(mo)層會進一步轉(zhuan)化為γ-AlOOH,最(zui)后轉(zhuan)化為Al(OH)3,從而(er)對Al及鋁合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)基體起到(dao)保(bao)護作(zuo)用(yong)[13]。然而(er),沿海(hai)大(da)氣(qi)環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)Cl-會吸附(fu)在(zai)鋁合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)表(biao)面的(de)(de)(de)氧(yang)化膜(mo)缺陷或材(cai)質不均(jun)勻等活性(xing)位置,進而(er)與(yu)氧(yang)化膜(mo)發生(sheng)化學(xue)反應,取代Al(OH)3中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)OH-,逐步形成(cheng)Al(OH)2Cl和(he)Al(OH)Cl2,并最(zui)終生(sheng)成(cheng)可(ke)溶(rong)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)AlCl3,使部分(fen)氧(yang)化膜(mo)減薄、破裂,最(zui)終導致Al的(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)[14]。同時,處于(yu)(yu)沿海(hai)工業(ye)環(huan)境(jing)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)Al及鋁合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)構件還將(jiang)受到(dao)大(da)氣(qi)中(zhong)SO2的(de)(de)(de)影響(xiang),其在(zai)Al及鋁合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)構件表(biao)面吸附(fu)后會發生(sheng)溶(rong)解和(he)水(shui)化,生(sheng)成(cheng)HSO3-,并逐步被氧(yang)化成(cheng)SO42-,與(yu)鋁合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)或者Al(OH)3溶(rong)解生(sheng)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)Al3+形成(cheng)Al的(de)(de)(de)硫(liu)酸鹽化合(he)(he)物(wu),從而(er)促進鋁合(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)進一步腐(fu)蝕(shi)[15]。


2.3 銅構件(jian)的腐蝕(shi)機理


Cu+和(he)(he)Cu2+離子化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)標準電(dian)極電(dian)位分別為0.522和(he)(he)0.345 V (SHE),因(yin)此(ci)在一(yi)(yi)般的(de)(de)(de)干燥(zao)大(da)(da)氣環境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)不(bu)(bu)容易(yi)被(bei)(bei)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)[16]。但(dan)當(dang)(dang)(dang)受到(dao)(dao)輕微(wei)氧化(hua)(hua)后(hou)銅(tong)(tong)材表(biao)面(mian)會(hui)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)Cu2O和(he)(he)CuO層。其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong),Cu2O膜(mo)層靠近基體(ti),比較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)致密,對銅(tong)(tong)基體(ti)可以起到(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)定防腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)作(zuo)(zuo)用。但(dan)當(dang)(dang)(dang)大(da)(da)氣達(da)到(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)定濕度(du)且存在SO2和(he)(he)H2S的(de)(de)(de)情(qing)況下(xia),該層氧化(hua)(hua)膜(mo)會(hui)被(bei)(bei)SO2、H2S與水生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)酸性(xing)物(wu)質所溶解,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)溶解度(du)更小的(de)(de)(de)堿式硫酸銅(tong)(tong)等(deng)物(wu)質[16]。因(yin)此(ci),長(chang)期暴露在沿海(hai)地區(qu)潮濕大(da)(da)氣環境(jing)下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)Cu,其(qi)(qi)表(biao)面(mian)會(hui)同時(shi)(shi)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)Cu2O內層和(he)(he)多(duo)孔的(de)(de)(de)堿式硫酸銅(tong)(tong) (主要(yao)是Cu4(OH)6SO4) 和(he)(he)堿式氯(lv)化(hua)(hua)銅(tong)(tong)外層。Cu的(de)(de)(de)標準電(dian)極電(dian)位大(da)(da)于0,因(yin)此(ci)其(qi)(qi)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)時(shi)(shi)主要(yao)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)O的(de)(de)(de)去(qu)(qu)極化(hua)(hua)作(zuo)(zuo)用,而(er)不(bu)(bu)是H的(de)(de)(de)去(qu)(qu)極化(hua)(hua)作(zuo)(zuo)用。也就是說,Cu先被(bei)(bei)氧化(hua)(hua)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)CuO,然后(hou)再與H2S反應(ying),生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)CuS。這(zhe)些腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)產物(wu)疏松多(duo)孔,不(bu)(bu)僅無法(fa)在Cu表(biao)面(mian)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)護(hu)膜(mo)還(huan)會(hui)吸(xi)附水分,加(jia)劇銅(tong)(tong)材的(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)[17]。當(dang)(dang)(dang)環境(jing)中(zhong)(zhong)HS-的(de)(de)(de)濃度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)時(shi)(shi),Cu的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)會(hui)發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)硫化(hua)(hua)作(zuo)(zuo)用,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)Cu2S膜(mo)層。當(dang)(dang)(dang)其(qi)(qi)厚(hou)(hou)度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)薄時(shi)(shi),Cu2+在其(qi)(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)擴散受到(dao)(dao)限制,膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)長(chang)較(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)慢。但(dan)當(dang)(dang)(dang)Cu2S膜(mo)達(da)到(dao)(dao)臨界厚(hou)(hou)度(du)時(shi)(shi) (約1 μm),腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)層的(de)(de)(de)內部應(ying)力增大(da)(da)、缺(que)陷增多(duo),使(shi)H2S和(he)(he)O2很容易(yi)到(dao)(dao)達(da)膜(mo)的(de)(de)(de)基層,腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)加(jia)速[18]。


3 沿(yan)海變電站設備常用防腐(fu)措施及有效(xiao)性分析


金屬發生腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)既存在(zai)內在(zai)因(yin)(yin)素(su),也存在(zai)外(wai)在(zai)因(yin)(yin)素(su),因(yin)(yin)此,其(qi)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)防(fang)護也要從如(ru)何克服(fu)內在(zai)和外(wai)在(zai)兩(liang)種(zhong)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)素(su)出發[16]。其(qi)中,改變材料(liao)設計(ji)或材質 (如(ru)采(cai)用耐腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)鋁合(he)金材料(liao)) 是克服(fu)內在(zai)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)素(su),提(ti)高沿海變電站設備防(fang)腐(fu)性能(neng)的(de)主要手(shou)段之一,而在(zai)金屬構件(jian)表面涂刷防(fang)護涂層或者采(cai)用電化學犧牲陽極法,則是典(dian)型(xing)的(de)克服(fu)外(wai)在(zai)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)因(yin)(yin)素(su)的(de)主要方法。另外(wai),針對單一防(fang)護措施各(ge)有優缺點的(de)問題,工程上越來越鼓勵(li)采(cai)取綜(zong)合(he)的(de)防(fang)腐(fu)措施來提(ti)高防(fang)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)效果。


3.1 鋼構(gou)件(jian)的主要防腐措(cuo)施及有效性分析


針對(dui)沿(yan)(yan)海(hai)變(bian)電站(zhan)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)防腐(fu)(fu)措施主要(yao)(yao)包括(kuo)犧(xi)牲(sheng)陽(yang)(yang)極法(fa)(fa)、隔(ge)絕防護(hu)法(fa)(fa)和(he)緩蝕(shi)(shi)防護(hu)法(fa)(fa)等(deng)。犧(xi)牲(sheng)陽(yang)(yang)極法(fa)(fa)主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)通過(guo)(guo)在(zai)(zai)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)結(jie)構(gou)表面采用(yong)(yong)(yong)熱(re)浸鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)或冷(leng)噴(pen)(pen)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)進(jin)行(xing)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)粉涂(tu)抹(mo)覆蓋(gai),利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)涂(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)為犧(xi)牲(sheng)陽(yang)(yang)極,實(shi)現對(dui)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)結(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)[19,20]。其中(zhong),熱(re)浸鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)熔融態的(de)(de)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)在(zai)(zai)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)構(gou)件表面形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)金(jin)屬鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)表層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)來發揮腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)防護(hu)效用(yong)(yong)(yong)。楊(yang)帆等(deng)[21]采用(yong)(yong)(yong)實(shi)地(di)掛片與模擬相結(jie)合的(de)(de)手(shou)段研究了(le)鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)在(zai)(zai)東莞沿(yan)(yan)海(hai)大氣環境中(zhong)的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)行(xing)為,發現鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)在(zai)(zai)含SO2大氣中(zhong)暴露時(shi),開始(shi)是(shi)局部腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi),然(ran)后腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)速(su)率先迅速(su)降低(di)然(ran)后逐步趨于穩定(ding)。當腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)產物增多并形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)較(jiao)為致密(mi)的(de)(de)膜(mo)狀結(jie)構(gou)時(shi),可以一定(ding)程度(du)上防止基(ji)(ji)體被進(jin)一步腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)。然(ran)而,在(zai)(zai)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)構(gou)件熱(re)浸鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong),有可能出(chu)(chu)現鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)厚度(du)不夠、鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)缺陷(xian)、以及運輸和(he)安裝過(guo)(guo)程中(zhong)局部鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)遭到破壞等(deng)問(wen)題,導致設備最外層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)原本起(qi)電化學(xue)保(bao)護(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)過(guo)(guo)早失效,露出(chu)(chu)下面的(de)(de)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)鐵基(ji)(ji)體,從而加(jia)速(su)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)構(gou)件的(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)。冷(leng)噴(pen)(pen)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)是(shi)運用(yong)(yong)(yong)涂(tu)裝的(de)(de)手(shou)段使(shi)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)構(gou)件表層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)形(xing)(xing)成(cheng)金(jin)屬鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)保(bao)護(hu)涂(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。經過(guo)(guo)常(chang)溫(wen)噴(pen)(pen)涂(tu)作(zuo)業(ye)后,鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)結(jie)構(gou)表面鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)含量高于96%,而且鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)孔隙率低(di),重涂(tu)性能較(jiao)好,在(zai)(zai)二(er)次修復等(deng)方(fang)面具有熱(re)浸鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)技術(shu)不可比擬的(de)(de)優越性。從施工作(zuo)業(ye)難度(du)方(fang)面考慮,相對(dui)于熱(re)浸鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin),冷(leng)噴(pen)(pen)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)更(geng)為簡(jian)單(dan)便捷。此(ci)外,冷(leng)噴(pen)(pen)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)節能環保(bao)、成(cheng)本較(jiao)低(di),其經濟和(he)環保(bao)效益較(jiao)熱(re)浸鍍(du)(du)(du)(du)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)更(geng)好。也正因為上述優點,冷(leng)噴(pen)(pen)鋅(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)方(fang)法(fa)(fa)已成(cheng)為目前變(bian)電站(zhan)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)(gang)結(jie)構(gou)防腐(fu)(fu)作(zuo)業(ye)時(shi)的(de)(de)首(shou)選方(fang)法(fa)(fa)[22]。


隔絕(jue)防(fang)護(hu)法主要(yao)通過(guo)在鋼(gang)構(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)表面涂(tu)(tu)刷(shua)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)來實(shi)現[23]。一(yi)般(ban)的(de)(de)(de)隔絕(jue)防(fang)護(hu)法是采用(yong)有機或者無(wu)機防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)來進行(xing)涂(tu)(tu)裝(zhuang)防(fang)護(hu)。常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)主要(yao)是具有優(you)異的(de)(de)(de)耐化學介質、耐油拒水、電(dian)絕(jue)緣性良(liang)好(hao)、使用(yong)壽(shou)命長的(de)(de)(de)氟樹(shu)脂基(ji)、聚氨酯樹(shu)脂基(ji)和硅氟共(gong)聚物(wu)(wu)基(ji)防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)[2]。此外,針對(dui)單一(yi)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)對(dui)鋼(gang)結構(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕防(fang)護(hu)能(neng)力不(bu)(bu)(bu)足的(de)(de)(de)缺(que)點,近(jin)年來提(ti)出(chu)來的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)在變電(dian)站(zhan)鋼(gang)結構(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕防(fang)護(hu)上(shang)(shang)引起(qi)了(le)更(geng)多的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)視(shi)。重(zhong)(zhong)防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕涂(tu)(tu)裝(zhuang)一(yi)般(ban)由中間層(ceng)(ceng)、面漆、防(fang)銹(xiu)底漆幾道工序組成(cheng),其(qi)對(dui)鋼(gang)結構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)護(hu)時效,大(da)大(da)節省了(le)電(dian)力設施的(de)(de)(de)運維成(cheng)本[24]。近(jin)年,經(jing)石墨烯改性的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)機物(wu)(wu)和有機物(wu)(wu)再經(jing)化學合(he)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)產物(wu)(wu) (如(ru)陶瓷有機防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)) 作為(wei)一(yi)種新(xin)型的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao),其(qi)防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕效果(guo)受(shou)到了(le)人們(men)高度的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)視(shi),有望在變電(dian)站(zhan)鋼(gang)構(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)上(shang)(shang)發揮重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)作用(yong)[25]。涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)防(fang)護(hu)技術施工工藝(yi)簡單、防(fang)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)效果(guo)較好(hao),且有較強的(de)(de)(de)適應性,因(yin)此成(cheng)為(wei)輸變電(dian)鋼(gang)結構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)常用(yong)防(fang)護(hu)方法。但(dan)如(ru)果(guo)涂(tu)(tu)料(liao)型號不(bu)(bu)(bu)適合(he),施工質量、環境(jing)因(yin)素、涂(tu)(tu)刷(shua)工藝(yi)參數等控制不(bu)(bu)(bu)好(hao),可能(neng)會產生涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)厚度不(bu)(bu)(bu)均,局部(bu)過(guo)薄等缺(que)陷,造成(cheng)涂(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)出(chu)現橘(ju)皮、針孔(kong)、花似開裂等現象,進而引發基(ji)體的(de)(de)(de)腐(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕[12]。


緩(huan)蝕防護法(fa)是通過(guo)在(zai)鋼(gang)(gang)結構(gou)表(biao)層(ceng)涂料中(zhong)添加能有效減緩(huan)鋼(gang)(gang)結構(gou)腐蝕過(guo)程的緩(huan)蝕填料,從而在(zai)鋼(gang)(gang)結構(gou)表(biao)層(ceng)形成(cheng)保(bao)護性(xing)氧化(hua)層(ceng),達到提高鋼(gang)(gang)構(gou)件使用壽(shou)命的目的[26,27]。以(yi)AlH2P3O10·2H2O緩(huan)蝕劑(ji)來說(shuo),其(qi)防銹(xiu)機理是它的縮合(he)磷(lin)酸(suan)鹽在(zai)三聚(ju)物階段或者解(jie)聚(ju)成(cheng)三聚(ju)磷(lin)酸(suan)根離子 (P3O105-) 時(shi),最容易與Fe3+發生反應,螯合(he)Fe3+在(zai)鋼(gang)(gang)構(gou)件表(biao)面形成(cheng)卓越的保(bao)護膜,起到防銹(xiu)蝕的作用。


3.2 Al及鋁合金構件(jian)的主要防(fang)腐(fu)措施及有效性分(fen)析


Al及鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)防(fang)(fang)腐(fu)措(cuo)施一般包括(kuo)自(zi)(zi)身(shen)(shen)改(gai)性(xing)(xing)、表(biao)面處理(li)、引入合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)適(shi)涂層等。針對(dui)(dui)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)及鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)自(zi)(zi)身(shen)(shen)改(gai)性(xing)(xing),主(zhu)要策略是(shi)控制主(zhu)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)元(yuan)素(su)的(de)比例,提(ti)高(gao)其(qi)抗應(ying)力(li)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng),或者(zhe)添加Sc、Zr等微(wei)(wei)量元(yuan)素(su)、稀(xi)土元(yuan)素(su)以及采用(yong)適(shi)當的(de)固(gu)溶處理(li)等方(fang)法,控制晶界(jie)析出相(xiang)(xiang)的(de)含(han)量及形態,使析出相(xiang)(xiang)的(de)不(bu)(bu)連續(xu)性(xing)(xing)增加,從而(er)達到提(ti)高(gao)耐腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)目的(de)[28-30]。張強等[31]研究了變電站設(she)備用(yong)Al-Mg合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)、Al-Mg-Mn合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)、Al-Cu-Mg-Mn合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)及鍍Ag鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)材料在模擬(ni)沿海工業(ye)大(da)氣環(huan)境中的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)行(xing)為(wei),發現實驗合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)在腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)初期以點(dian)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)為(wei)主(zhu),隨著腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)產物不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)堆(dui)積(ji),合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)過程會受到一定(ding)程度的(de)抑制。對(dui)(dui)比可(ke)見,Al-Mg合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)耐蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)較Al-Cu-Mg-Mn合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)明(ming)顯好(hao)得多。鍍Ag可(ke)以明(ming)顯降(jiang)低Al-Cu-Mg-Mn合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)速(su)率,但(dan)相(xiang)(xiang)對(dui)(dui)于Al基(ji)體,Ag鍍層屬(shu)陰極性(xing)(xing)鍍層,當其(qi)因腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)產生破損后反而(er)會使鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)速(su)率迅速(su)增加。雖然通過自(zi)(zi)身(shen)(shen)改(gai)性(xing)(xing)鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)防(fang)(fang)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)得到明(ming)顯改(gai)善,但(dan)是(shi)摻雜Sc、Zr等其(qi)它微(wei)(wei)量合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)元(yuan)素(su)會影響鋁(lv)(lv)(lv)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)的(de)力(li)學性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng),在提(ti)高(gao)防(fang)(fang)腐(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)(shi)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)方(fang)面效果也不(bu)(bu)是(shi)十分理(li)想,通常還需(xu)要結(jie)合(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)涂刷(shua)防(fang)(fang)腐(fu)涂料等手段(duan)來(lai)滿(man)足防(fang)(fang)腐(fu)要求。


鋁(lv)(lv)及鋁(lv)(lv)合金的(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)處理包括電化(hua)(hua)(hua)學陽(yang)極氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa)和化(hua)(hua)(hua)學氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)法(fa),用以(yi)構筑保護性(xing)氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)膜。激光熔(rong)覆法(fa)是(shi)一(yi)種常(chang)用的(de)鋁(lv)(lv)合金表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)改(gai)性(xing)技術(shu),通過熔(rong)覆一(yi)層鎳基或者銅基復合材(cai)料,或者是(shi)陶瓷粉末等,能(neng)夠有效(xiao)改(gai)善鋁(lv)(lv)合金的(de)抗腐蝕(shi)性(xing)能(neng)。此(ci)外(wai),溶膠-凝膠法(fa)、等離子(zi)燒蝕(shi)法(fa)等也可以(yi)被用來改(gai)善鋁(lv)(lv)合金的(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)狀(zhuang)態,提高其防腐蝕(shi)性(xing)能(neng)[32-34]。然(ran)而,鋁(lv)(lv)及鋁(lv)(lv)合金的(de)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)處理工藝也可能(neng)會因為混入雜質、氧(yang)化(hua)(hua)(hua)不(bu)均,導(dao)致(zhi)型材(cai)表(biao)(biao)(biao)面(mian)(mian)顏色(se)不(bu)均,產品外(wai)觀不(bu)良等問題。


在Al及(ji)(ji)鋁(lv)合(he)(he)金表面(mian)引入(ru)一層對基體(ti)有防(fang)腐作(zuo)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)厚度均勻、無孔、粘結力強(qiang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)合(he)(he)物(wu)膜(mo)也是一種有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)腐蝕(shi)手段[33]。其(qi)中,非導(dao)電(dian)聚(ju)合(he)(he)物(wu)膜(mo)是通過屏蔽周圍(wei)腐蝕(shi)環境發揮(hui)防(fang)腐作(zuo)用(yong),而(er)導(dao)電(dian)聚(ju)合(he)(he)物(wu)膜(mo)是利用(yong)其(qi)導(dao)電(dian)性,使其(qi)與鋁(lv)及(ji)(ji)鋁(lv)合(he)(he)金表面(mian)間發生氧化還原反應,從而(er)形(xing)成穩定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氧化膜(mo)來實現防(fang)腐蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)[13]。聚(ju)合(he)(he)物(wu)防(fang)腐蝕(shi)膜(mo)法具有操作(zuo)簡單、環保(bao)、低成本等(deng)優勢,但(dan)對于(yu)如(ru)(ru)何選擇(ze)合(he)(he)適成分的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聚(ju)合(he)(he)物(wu)膜(mo)以及(ji)(ji)其(qi)與鋁(lv)基體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)界面(mian)作(zuo)用(yong)如(ru)(ru)何、工藝(yi)條件如(ru)(ru)何控制等(deng)方面(mian)還需要深(shen)入(ru)研(yan)究。


在Al及鋁合(he)金表(biao)面涂刷防腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)涂料是(shi)(shi)最常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)防腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)措施之(zhi)一,且常(chang)與其(qi)它防腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)方法結合(he)使(shi)用(yong)。一般情況(kuang)下,在常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)環氧樹(shu)脂(zhi)等樹(shu)脂(zhi)基料中添(tian)加一定(ding)量(liang)具(ju)有防腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)功能的(de)(de)(de)(de)顏料即可以顯著(zhu)改善防腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)效果,施工(gong)操作非常(chang)簡便。例如(ru),常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉻(ge)酸鹽(yan)防腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)顏料遇水時(shi)會釋放出(chu)CrO42-,將鋁合(he)金表(biao)面很(hen)好(hao)地封閉(bi)起(qi)來(lai),起(qi)到防腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效果[35]。涂刷防腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)涂料是(shi)(shi)目前較(jiao)為成(cheng)熟且經濟有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)Al及鋁合(he)金防腐(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)手段,不過,由于絡(luo)酸鹽(yan)等有害物質的(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用(yong)會帶來(lai)環保問題,今后應朝向無(wu)污染或(huo)低(di)污染方向發(fa)展,盡(jin)量(liang)開發(fa)無(wu)毒(du)(du)或(huo)低(di)毒(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)顏料來(lai)代替常(chang)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)鉻(ge)酸鹽(yan)。


3.3 銅(tong)構(gou)件的主要(yao)防(fang)腐(fu)措施及有效性分析


針對(dui)沿海變電(dian)(dian)站銅(tong)構件的(de)(de)(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)措施主要從改善(shan)外(wai)(wai)部腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)環境入(ru)手(shou),一是盡可能(neng)地將(jiang)銅(tong)材(cai)設備放在(zai)室內,且(qie)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)持室內良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)除(chu)濕、凈化、溫度恒(heng)定效果,避免銅(tong)與空氣中的(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)蒸氣、H2S等(deng)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)觸;二是對(dui)室外(wai)(wai)設備采取表面(mian)(mian)電(dian)(dian)鍍、涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)及涂(tu)(tu)(tu)覆(fu)緩蝕(shi)(shi)劑(ji)等(deng)方法來提(ti)高(gao)其耐(nai)(nai)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)性能(neng)。針對(dui)問(wen)題較為突出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)H2S腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi),對(dui)電(dian)(dian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)觸銅(tong)材(cai)可以涂(tu)(tu)(tu)覆(fu)電(dian)(dian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)觸潤滑(hua)(hua)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)劑(ji)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層,而當銅(tong)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)面(mian)(mian)積較大時,應先噴涂(tu)(tu)(tu)一層鋁,再刷涂(tu)(tu)(tu)防(fang)(fang)腐(fu)(fu)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層,如高(gao)聚氯(lv)乙烯等(deng)。研究發現,相較于(yu)(yu)鍍金或其它防(fang)(fang)護(hu)性鍍層,使用電(dian)(dian)接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)觸潤滑(hua)(hua)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)劑(ji)涂(tu)(tu)(tu)層對(dui)于(yu)(yu)提(ti)高(gao)銅(tong)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)耐(nai)(nai)腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)性能(neng)效果更加明顯,而且(qie)也不會影響電(dian)(dian)氣性能(neng)。舉(ju)例來說,苯并三氮唑 (BTA) 作(zuo)為一種新型接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)觸緩蝕(shi)(shi)劑(ji),其最低(di)未(wei)占分(fen)子(zi)軌道 (LUMO) 具有最低(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)軌道能(neng)量,容(rong)易接(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)受(shou)金屬(shu)表面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)子(zi)形成反饋鍵,并與銅(tong)結合生(sheng)成BTACu配合物(wu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)護(hu)膜,從而起到有效抵抗H2S腐(fu)(fu)蝕(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用[36]。


3.4 綜合防(fang)護措施


在高溫、高濕(shi)、高鹽(yan)分的(de)沿海工業大(da)氣環境中,對(dui)變電站設備采(cai)用(yong)單(dan)一的(de)防(fang)(fang)腐(fu)蝕(shi)措施往往很難達(da)到腐(fu)蝕(shi)控制要(yao)求,通(tong)常需要(yao)聯(lian)合應用(yong)多種防(fang)(fang)腐(fu)蝕(shi)技(ji)術。如對(dui)鋼(gang)構件的(de)保護(hu),可以(yi)同時釆用(yong)熱(re)浸(jin)鍍(du)鋁和防(fang)(fang)護(hu)涂層(ceng)來進行雙重(zhong)保護(hu)。對(dui)于采(cai)用(yong)了(le)熱(re)浸(jin)鍍(du)鋅防(fang)(fang)腐(fu)蝕(shi)層(ceng)的(de)鋼(gang)構件,也應定(ding)期在熱(re)浸(jin)鍍(du)鋅層(ceng)表面噴涂防(fang)(fang)腐(fu)蝕(shi)漆來確保前(qian)者的(de)完整(zheng),從(cong)而達(da)到更(geng)持久(jiu)的(de)防(fang)(fang)腐(fu)效果(guo)。


4 結語


沿海(hai)(hai)地區特殊的(de)(de)大(da)氣環境給變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站金(jin)屬設備(bei)帶(dai)來嚴重的(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕問題,嚴重威脅到電(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)安全穩定運行,也給正常的(de)(de)經濟社會生活秩序帶(dai)來較大(da)隱患(huan)。本文(wen)以第(di)一手現場調研資料(liao)結合文(wen)獻報道,對沿海(hai)(hai)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站設備(bei)的(de)(de)主要(yao)腐(fu)蝕狀況進行了(le)介(jie)紹,對不(bu)同(tong)材(cai)(cai)質(zhi)金(jin)屬構件的(de)(de)腐(fu)蝕機理進行了(le)分析,總結了(le)針(zhen)對不(bu)同(tong)金(jin)屬材(cai)(cai)質(zhi)構件所采(cai)取的(de)(de)主要(yao)腐(fu)蝕防(fang)(fang)護措(cuo)施及有效性。本文(wen)對沿海(hai)(hai)地區變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)選址、變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站設備(bei)的(de)(de)選材(cai)(cai)以及針(zhen)對所選材(cai)(cai)料(liao)應采(cai)取的(de)(de)有針(zhen)對性的(de)(de)防(fang)(fang)腐(fu)措(cuo)施具有一定的(de)(de)指導意義。


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